Rjas

Vol 50, No 4 (2018)

THE SOILS IN LIPOVEI HILLS AND THEIR QUALITY pag. 3-10

Alina –Andreea ABRUDAN , D. ŢĂRĂU

The purpose of the researches is based on current scientific and practical discourses on the accumulation of knowledge on the spatial peculiarities of the natural frame as elements that define the quality of the soils and the possible pressures on them. The importance of the topic is derived from the fact that the relations between the soil characteristics and the main cultivated species can establish relationships of varied and complex reciprocity. So the soil properties can exert a definite influence on the development of the root system, mineral nutrition, ensuring the aerohydric and thermal regime necessary for the physiological processes and the plants (phytocoenoses) in their turn act both directly and indirectly on the soil fertility status. Considering that these considerations in the paper are presented on the basis of the research carried out during the doctoral school, respectively 28.09.2015 and so far on the subject "Research on ecopedological bases of land productivity in Lipovei Hills and possible pressures on their quality”, some aspects related to the structure of edafic cover and to the particularities of the main types and associations of soils, to their quality status and some restrictive characteristics of land quality, characteristics that define their vocation for certain utilities. By its geographical location the area known as Lipovei Hills, Lipovei Piedmont or Lipova Plateau is situated in the western part of the country, between the geographical coordinates: 21o22’30’’ şi 22o21’30’’ eastern longitude and 45o55’ şi 46o15’ north latitude, as a transition unit between the Western Carpathian orogen and the low, subsidence area of the Banat-Crişana Plain, which imparts to the area specific specicities of real interest for the scientific research. The necessity of the geomorphological and pedological researches of this depression unit of Mureş de Jos (the actual piedmont complex Lipovei Hills) was also imposed for socio-economic and agricultural reasons in particular, because without knowing how the natural landscape evolved, from origins to at present, it is not possible to determine how the lands and soils will develop in the future.

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soil, land, quality, limitations, restrictions

Presentation: poster

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DESIGNING A SPECIALIZED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN THE TOWN OF OHABA LUNGĂ – BLACKBERRY CULTIVATION pag. 11-16

Andrei Lavinia, Pop (Păun) Maria, Okros Adalbert, Mihuț Casiana

The specialized farming system designed is the cultivation of the blackberry. The design of the system includes land preparation works, crop-building works, works related to the installation of the support system, maintenance works. Expenses were made for all these works or overa period of three years. The blackberry is a perennial shrub that is grown for its fruits that can be eaten in different forms, fresh or processed. They have a risky content of vitamin C and A, organic acids, mineral salts and anthocyanic pigment. The location where the plantation is set up is Ohaba Lungă commune, which is located in the northeastern part of Timis County, on County Road 609. The commune is 35 km away from the town of Faget, 45 km from the city of Lugoj and 88 km from the city of Timisoara, and covers an area of 18,479 ha.

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agricultural system

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STABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE FINAL SLOPES OF THE NORTH PESTEANA QUARRY IN THE CONTEXT OF LONG TERM SAFETY OF OBJECTIVES IN THE INFLUENCE AREAS pag. 17-27

Izabela-Maria, APOSTU, Florin, FAUR

The problem of slope's instability has always been a concern for scientists. The superficial or deep landslides, are manifested in the conditions of an imbalance occurring at the level of the rock masses or the engineering constructions due to the influence of many internal or external factors, which causes the worsening of the quality of the geotechnical characteristics of the rocks. The disastrous effects of landslides have highlighted the importance of deepening the studies in order to understand the way of manifestation and the causes of the loss of stability, respectively the implementation of rational measures to increase stability. The causes of landslides include: the presence of overloads, precipitation, groundwater and surface water, alteration of rocks, vibrations, seismic shocks, etc. In most cases, the occurrence of negative geotechnical phenomena occurs as a result of the influence of a cumulus of factors whose action is manifested over time. This paper aims at assessing the stability of the final slopes of the North Pesteana quarry. Knowing the hydrogeological structures characteristic of the site and the history of the sewatering works, the problem of the stability of the final slopes is raised after the mining activity ceases, which also means the stopping of the dewatering systems. The inflow of water which, according to current studies, will contribute to the restoration of the aquifer resources and to the flooding of the gap, will have a major negative influence because it involves the increasing of the humidity of the rocks, thus causing the worsening of their strength characteristics and the significant reduction of the stability reserve, the action of water being one of the most influential causes of landslides. A major problem is that the objectives in the area are at relatively small distances from the mining perimeter. Under these circumstances, it is important to assess the stability of the definitive slopes, to apply the measures to increase the stability reserve, also taking into account a safety margin, in order to minimize the risk of sliding is, given the long service life of the final slopes (for decades) and the influence of external or internal factors.

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quarry, remaining gap, final slope, stability, safety

Presentation: oral

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ARTIFICIAL LAKES IN FORMER LIGNITE OPEN-PITS AND THEIR UTILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY pag. 28-39

Izabela-Maria, APOSTU, Adrian, FLOREA

Remanent voids of former open-pits can be re-used in different directions with major benefits, irrespective of their future use, due to the fact that they involve the rehabilitation and the re-entry into the economic or ecological circuit of large areas of degraded mining land. An increasingly common method, applied worldwide, is the flooding of remanent voids and the formation of artificial lakes that can take up many functions. Artificial lakes formed in former open-pits are also known as "open-pit lakes." These occur after the cessation of exploitation as a result of naturally or artificially flooding of the remanent voids. In Romania, this method is less known, but it must be taken into account that the functions that an open-pit lake can take and their major benefits, will play an important role in the sustainable development of a former mining regions. In the case of high depth open-pits, as it is the case of lignite open-pits, where the probability of intercepting deepwater aquifers with high water inflows is high, the formation of artificial lakes is the optimal choice as natural floods are favored, and the costs are minimal. The present paper presents the case of the North Pesteana lignite open-pit, for which, at the moment of the cessation of the exploitation activity, the flooding of the remanent void is pursued. The remanent void of the North Pesteana open-pit will be of impressive dimensions. It presents a high flooding opportunity, primarily due to the very favorable hydrogeological conditions in the region. The lake formed in the remanent void of the North Pesteana open-pit will bring a number of benefits to local communities and beyond, these being detailed in this paper. The general aim of the paper is to increase, at national and regional level (at the level of Rovinari Mining Basin), the degree of knowledge regarding the possibilities of flooding of the remanent voids and the use of artificial lakes formed in former lignite open-pits, but also the benefits that they can have, on a medium and long term, on human communities, from a socio-economic and environmental point of view.

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lignite, open-pit, remanent void, artificial lake, flooding, benefits, agriculture, economy

Presentation: oral

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BUTEO RUFINUS (CRETZSCHMAR, 1829), A NESTING SPECIES IN SOUTH-WEST ROMANIA pag. 40-45

Alexandru C. BIRĂU, Dan STĂNESCU, Alma L. NICOLIN

In the 19th century, the long-legged buzzard (Buteo rufinus) was present in the Balkans as a nesting bird species only in Greece. The 20th century debuted with an enlargement of its area toward north, to reach Hungary, south-west Romania, south Ukraine and up to the border with Kazakhstan at the beginning of 2013. Our observations come from south-west Romania, where we first found the species nesting, in Oltenia. This paper presents the history of this bird distribution in south-east Europe and its expansion in Romania. New nesting points are added to complete information and distribution maps of the species Buteo rufinus. Our observations were carried out between January 2017 and September 2018, in Mehedinți County, the administrative area South-West - Oltenia, with a mosaic of habitats: crops, pastures, forests, and uncultivated areas. Inventorying and monitoring the species took place in 15 locations of the county. Nesting was monitored with a camera with motion sensor and data collecting regarding young development and other ethological aspects will be researched in the future.

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nesting

Presentation: oral

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AVIFAUNA OF NATURA 2000 “GRUIA - GÂRLA MARE” WINTER-SPRING pag. 46-53

Alexandru C. BIRĂU, Dan STĂNESCU, Alma L. NICOLIN

This paper presents observations on avifauna in the “Gruia – Gârla Mare” Special Bird Protection Area (ROSPA0046) collected during winter and spring. Data complete information published in the first part of the study AVIFAUNA OF NATURA 2000 “GRUIA – GÂRLA MARE” SUMMER FALL (Birău et al., 2017) to provide a general view of SPA avifauna with a complete list of species during one year. Thus, 50 more species join the 111 species already observed in the first part of the study. The methods used in the inventory and mapping of bird species are full counting of water species, counting from observation points, and transects. The list of species observed is of importance given that there is no complete inventory of bird species for this protected area constantly made during an entire year. Information contain data that can be used in establishing the avifauna biodiversity of the area, species dynamics and populations depending on season, and it is the basis for future research of migration periods and of climate change on species, the importance of conserving habitats and maintaining populations, and the importance of species groups for natural and demi-natural ecosystems of the protected area.

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avifauna

Presentation: oral

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PLANNING THE ECOLOGICAL RESTORARTION WORKS OF LANDS AFFECTED BY THE DESERTIFICATION FENOMENON - CASE STUDY OSTROVENI COMMUNE, DOLJ COUNTY pag. 54-64

Lavinia BOCAN, Florin FAUR, Diana MARCHIȘ

Desertification is a complex economic hazard defined by the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (Paris 1994) as "the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and sub-dry areas as a result of the action of various factors, including climate change as well as human activities". Soil degradation in areas subjected to desertification is identified as a reduction of biological or economic productivity. Romania is not at all strange to this phenomenon, significant surfaces of land being affected to a smaller or larger extent (especially in the southern part of the country). Thus, according to official figures, in Dolj county about 6% (over 450 km2) of its total area is considered to be a desert and in the absence of measures to stop the phenomenon and to ecologically restore the already affected land, this surface will become increasingly larger in the future. Starting from this reality, in the first part of the present paper, the current physical, chemical and pedological conditions of a 375 hectares area located in the southern part of Dolj county (namely on the territory of Ostroveni commune, Lişteava village) were analyzed and the necessary steps were identified for the purpose of ecological restoration of the affected land. In the second part of the paper, while establishing the type of ecological restoration of the land, taken into study, namely its return to the productive agricultural land status (through the 7 well-individualized steps), we took into account the fundamental principles of ecological planning, especially the one referring to the globality or inter-causality, pointing out that the territory subjected to ecological restoration must be viewed as a whole. Beyond the productive function (the agricultural crops will produce substantial incomes for the local community), the ecological restoration also aims at the reintegration of the 375 hectares of land heavily affected by the desertification phenomenon in the context of the surrounding landscape (specific to the anthropic - agricultural ecosystems).

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agricultural land, desertification, ecological restoration, productive function

Presentation: oral

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC SECTION CONTROL SYSTEM FOR PRECISION AGRICULTURE pag. 65-70

Bognár I.-Blahunka Z.-Bártfai Z.

This article introduces a method to improve a traditional seeding machine capability to work by an ISOBUS system section control. Utilisation of the experimental seeder can improve the effectiveness of the plant production and can make this precision technology more economic.

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ISOBUS, Rate Controller, section control

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ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXPLOITATION OF SHALE HYDROCARBONS pag. 71-81

Sebastian BOTAŞ, Florin FAUR, Diana MARCHIȘ

The idea of exploiting shale hydrocarbons has generated vivid and intense controversy in the European space, both at central and civil society levels. These controversies are due, on one hand, to the issue of the injection of hazardous chemicals during the exploitation process and, on the other hand, to the imbalance between the economic benefits of exploiting these hydrocarbons (the specific production of hydrocarbons being very low) and the environmental risks and challenges which under these conditions are not compensated. Given the fact that in the extraction process important land plots are diverted from other uses (e.g. agriculture) and the high possibility (close to certainty) of contamination of geological substrates (including groundwater), while the shale hydrocarbon deposits in Europe are too small to have a significant impact on the gas supply, we have considered that a simplified methodology for assessing the environmental risks associated with their exploitation is necessary. Among the possible risks, we mention: the discharge of fracturing fluid; the leakage of wastewater from ponds and pipes transporting fracturing fluid; the emissions of potentially explosive, greenhouse effect amplifying, carcinogenic and radioactive enhancing gases; changes in zonal seismicity etc. Considering the relationship according to which the environmental risk caused by an undesired event is equal to the probability of producing that event multiplied by the vulnerability of the natural and anthropic environment, at the time of that event, the proposed methodology is based on quantitative and qualitative data characterizing the American experience. We have started from this data because in Europe (in regions such as: Poland, France, Germany and Scandinavian peninsula) the extraction of shale hydrocarbons is at the beginning, while the United States has an experience in the field of over 45 years, with more than 50 thousands operating wells.

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environmental impact, shale hydrocarbons, risk assessment, land contamination

Presentation: oral

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TRENDS IN THE EVOLUTION OF HARVESTING OF NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS IN ROMANIA pag. 82-86

Lucian Cioacă, Cristian Mihai Enescu

In Romania, the most common non-wood forest products (NWFPs) consist mainly in forest fruits, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants, forest seeds and fauna of hunting interests. According to a recent proposal of a ministerial order aimed at providing the instructions regarding the harvesting and marketing of the non-wood forest products, it is estimated that more than 170 herbaceous, shrub and tree species and approximately 120 species of edible mushrooms are the most common across the country. The aim of this study was to highlight the trends in the evolution of harvesting of the most common non-wood forest products in Romania. The data and information available within the annual reports provided by the National Forest Administration – ROMSILVA, the public authority responsible for forest management (i.e. Ministry of Waters and Forests) and the National Institute of Statistics in the timeframe 2012-2017 were taken into account. In general, the quantities harvested in the case of the forest fruits, edible mushrooms and forest seeds decreased in the considered timeframe, the trend being more pronounced in the case of the forest fruits and forest seeds, due to several reasons, climatic factors being among the ones with the highest impact.

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forest fruits, medicinal plants, mushrooms, non-wood forest products

Presentation: oral

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THE LANGUAGE CLASS, AN ENVIRONMENT FOR DEVELOPING SOFT SKILLS pag. 87-91

Laura Ioana COROAMĂ-DORNEANU, Alina-Andreea DRAGOESCU URLICĂ

Abstract: Foreign language teaching has broadened its scope and objectives, blurring content boundaries, discovering environments and provoking approaches. As the job market is constantly redesigning its framework and reaffirming values, the fundamental skills future employers need are creativity, flexibility, collaboration, teamwork and emotional intelligence (World Economic Forum, 2016). The aim of this paper is to shed light on the importance of developing such skills within the environment created by the language class in a non-philological university. The students in Life sciences within the BUASVM “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara are training in various specialties but soft skills are also an important dimension of their learning curriculum. Our endeavor to plan our language courses and activities from an ecological perspective offers opportunities to make students aware of the impact of soft skills on both their professional training and social integration in a working context.

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ecological approach, soft skills, foreign language, learning environment, social integration.

Presentation: poster

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REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL WORKS ON WHEAT EMERGENCE pag. 92-98

Crista Maria Manuela, Pîrsan Paul, Mircov Vlad Dragoslav

The way of preparing the ground for sowing the winter wheat is a decision that has to take into account at least some of the known elements: pre-emergent plant, soil type, water supply of soil and basic works performed in previous years. Nowadays, the practice of abandoning the wheat field is being extended, adopting variants of churn without turning the furrow or the variant of the stubble work only with heavy discs. The choice of corrected soil works in different conditions from one year to another requires a great deal of skill to ensure optimal conditions of emergence, which the present paper also pursues. Research should be expanded to follow how soil works influence plant growth and development. In this paper, we have presented the influence of the way of performing the basic soil work and the preparation of the germination bed on the wheat emergence. We have found that among the variants of basic soil work (ploughing, grubbing and deep disking) the best in our experimental conditions has been the deep drilling. Regarding the way of preparing the germination bed (with a disc harrow in an aggregate with fixed tooth harrows and a rotary harrow respectively), the results pointed out that by using the drill the number of plants/m2 increased "very significantly". The differences between the two experimental years were not big, since in both years the climatic conditions, mainly the water supply of the soil, were of high quality. It has been shown by a better „settlement” of the germination bed when using the drill has created better conditions of germination and emergence mainly due to better contact between the seeds and the soil particles and the faster restoration of the capillary network in the germination bed.

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basic soil work, germination bed, sowing, wheat, plants/m2

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NITROGEN FERTILIZATION EFFECT ON ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS PRODUCTION IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM pag. 99-104

Adina-Daniela Datcu, F. Sala

The aim of this study was to assess the interdependency level between the fertilization system and wheat, Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, Ciprian cv, aboveground biomass production. The use of fertilizing substances or complexes has a major importance for crops, application being realized in a wide range of systems depending on the climatic and pedological conditions, but also on the economic status of the farm. Thus, the biomass production, but also other physiological, yield or quality indices can be predicted for different quantities of fertilizers. N is the most used fertilizer due to the fact that it has a high impact on crop development and quality, but also on grain production. N is commonly used alone because is it cheaper, but it is also the base for other complexes, like NPK. Nitrogen utilization efficiency is dependent on the N efficiency of biomass formation, remobilization of N from the senescent tissues, the N influence on carbohydrate partitioning and nitrate reduction efficiency. The field experiment was carried out in the Didactic Station of BUASVM Timișoara, Romania, where a slightly gleized cambic chernozem, specific for Banat region is found. The plants were fertilized with ammonium azotate in five variants (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg active substance ha-1). This research was conducted on fresh and dried samples, representing aerial parts of wheat plants. The probes were sampled in May 2018. Biomass production was estimated using linear regression analysis. Only the aboveground parts of the wheat plant were studied, because the belowground biomass production on wheat is harder to estimate due to the morphology of the radicular system. Fresh and dry aboveground biomass increased proportionally with the amount of nitrogen used. The lowest fresh biomass was obtained for N 0 probes. The highest fresh biomass was obtained for N 200 samples. Regarding dry biomass production, similar tendencies were observed.

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fresh biomass, wheat, nitrogen fertilization, dry biomass

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STUDIES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZING DOSE ON SOME ECOPHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR TRITICUM AESTIVUM pag. 105-110

Adina-Daniela Datcu, F. Sala

This paper presents data obtained from a physiological study conducted in the spring of 2018 on Triticum aestivum spp vulgare, Ciprian cv. The species was cultivated on a slightly gleized cambic chernozem specific for Banat Area, also found in the Didactic Station of BUASVM Timișoara, Romania. Due to the large scale use and different doses and combinations of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural practice, we chose to fertilize the wheat with nitrogen in five experimental variants: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg active substance ha-1. Balancing the N rate, water use efficiency and yield are important problems in our country. Thus a proper use of fertilizers in general, and N in particular became a necessity. The plants were collected and transported in the laboratory where the leaves were separated using a scalpel. These were weighted, dried and incinerated. Some gravimetric parameters including leaves fresh weight, dry weight and ash content were determined. Next, organic and mineral content, but also OC / MC ratio were calculated. FW of the leaves increased proportionally with N dose. Leaf fresh weight is directly impacted by technological factors like N fertilizer rates. Consequently, regarding this parameter, significant differences between the five variants were observed, FW being significantly higher for N 200 probes when compared with other leaves from the plots fertilized with a lower amount of N. Same trend was observed for DW and AC, respectively. MC values varied between the N doses. From this point of view, the smallest mineral content in leaves was obtained for N 100 and N 150 variants, suggesting a possible remobilization of minerals in wheat plant with respect to N dose. Regarding OC, the maximum value was obtained for N 200. Despite the fact that OC and MC varied without a clear trend, OC / MC ratios had followed a clear polynomial increase together with the increase of N dose, varying between 4.9236 for N 0 and 10.2368 for N 200 variant. ANOVA revealed some significant differences. AC was the only parameter with homogenous data, FW, DW, OC, MC and OC/MC ratio being heterogeneous.

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OC/MC ratio, mineral content, wheat leaves, N fertilization, organic content

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REVIEW OF THE SPREADING OF HALYOMORPHA HALYS IN ITALY AND CONFIRMATION OF PRESENCE IN ROMANIA pag. 111-115

Alfredo DE MICHELE, Ioana GROZEA

The insect known as the marmorated stink bug (Stal, 1855) is part of the Hemiptera order and of the Pentatomidae family. At present, it has become extremely well known in Europe, due to its expansion capacity, both as a surface of ecosystems or agro-ecosystems and as a host plant range. The place of origin is in Asia, from where it has grown rapidly throughout the world. A current spreading picture on the globe shows some extended widespread having limits between latitudes of 75˚N and 55˚S. It is present in the most diverse climatic conditions, from tropical and sub-tropical areas to cold temperate zones. Host plants are among the most diverse crops (corn, soybean), vegetables, fruit trees, orchards in ornamental plants. By this paper we have proposed to look for the cause of enlargement and found that in Europe the expansion was made from the west to the east but without a concrete cause nor the climatic conditions, nor the present plants are not certified factors to justify the extremely rapid spread. In the two countries analyzed, Romania and Italy, the only factor is sitting around the latitude of 45˚N, because the climate conditions are diverse (from the Mediterranean climate to the temperate continental climate). The adult samples analyzed in September and October 2018 and previously collected showed a variable body length between 13.9 and 15.5 mm. There was no color variation among individuals. The proportion of males was higher in samples (60%). Considering the above, limiting enlargement to Europe should be one of the current concerns given the rapidity it is spreading, finding favorable conditions in the European climate.

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Halyomorpha halys, insect, spread, recognition, Italy, Romania

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INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN COMBINATION WITH FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE SPIKE IN TRITICALE VARIETIES (X TRITICOSECALE WITTM.) pag. 116-121

Stefka Dobreva, H. Kirchev, Angelina Muhova

In the experimental field of Institute of field crops, Chirpan, Bulgaria, during the period 2014-2017, a field experiment has been carried out with four triticale varieties: Kolorit (standard), Attila, Boomerang and Respect. The experiment is based on the fractional plot method in four replications with a plot size of 12 m2. The effect of nitrogen fertilization in combination with leaf fertilizer has been studied. The following structural elements of the spike has been studied - mass of the spike, g; grain mass in spike, g; spike length, cm; number of grains in spike and harvest index of the spike, calculated as the ratio between the mass of the grains in the spike and the mass of the whole spike. In order to establish statistically significant differences between the variants, a dispersion analysis (ANOVA) was applied, and three-factor dispersion analysis (MANOVA) was used to establish the independent action of the factors. The study found out that the combination of mineral and foliar fertilization raises the structural elements of the spike in all varieties. In the study of the structural elements of the spike, with the longest spike of 12,6 cm and the largest number of grains - 81,5 is the Respect variety, and with the largest mass of grains is Attila - 3,91 g.

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triticale, nitrogen fertilization, foliar fertilization, spike structure

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GRAIN YIELD OF TRITICALE VARIETIES DEPENDING ON THE FOLIAR FERTILIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF INCREASING NORMS OF FERTILIZATION OF THE SOIL WITH NITROGEN pag. 122-126

Stefka Dobreva, H. Kirchev, Angelina Muhova

Abstract: In the period 2014-2017, a three-factor field experiment has been conducted in the field of Institute of field crops, Chirpan, Bulgaria. It has been studied both the independent influence of nitrogen fertilization and the combination of foliar fertilization on four triticale varieties: Kolorit (standard), Attila, Boomerang and Respect. The experiment is based on the fractional plot method in four replications with a plot size of 12 m2. Grain yields of triticale varieties are determined directly from each plot using the Wintersteiger micro combine harvester. The results are calculated to standard grain moisture of 13%. In order to establish statistically significant differences between the variants, a dispersion analysis (ANOVA) was applied, and three-factor dispersion analysis (MANOVA) was used to establish the independent action of the factors. From the study, it was found out that the combination of mineral and foliar fertilization increases the grain yield in all varieties. On average, for the three years, the highest yield was the Boomerang variety - 568.1 kg/da, which is 78.5% higher than the standard, with fertilization with nitrogen N18 and in combination with leaf fertilization. The increase in yield for other varieties compared to the standard Kolorit is: for Atilla with 66.5% and for Respect with 31.5%.

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triticale, yield, fertilization

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MODERN METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF STOCKS VOLUMES EXISTING IN SURFACE MINING EXPLOITATIONS pag. 127-136

Silviu DOROBANTU, Larissa FILIP, Nicolae DIMA

The work presented in this paper consists in taking photogrammetric images with the help of drones, realizing their mosaic and georeferencing the orthophotomap resulting in the national stereographic projection system 1970. The calculating methods of volumes of materials situated inside the surface mining exploitations, based on satellite measurements and programs specific calculations, are also presented. For these measurements, a Leica GNSS system, as well as a specialized software were used. These data were combined with the cloud of points resulting from the photogrammetric flight, thus obtaining a high accuracy on the calculated volumes. The purpose of this paper is to present a modern alternative to classical topography. This is much faster and more accurate in both accessible places and areas with unsafe conditions for the human factor. At the same time, this method offers the possibility of collecting much larger number of field details, compared to an ordinary measurer.

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volume calculation, mining, GPS, drone, UAV, 3D model

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WHICH GAME BIRDS FROM ROMANIA ARE PREFERRED BY THE FOREIGN HUNTERS? pag. 137-141

Florin CAPALB, Cristian Mihai ENESCU

In Romania, hunting is regulated by Law no 407/2006 on hunting and the protection of hunting fund, with subsequent modifications. Specific information regarding the hunting season and hunting quota for the species of interest is provided every year by the ministry responsible with the management of the wildlife species. According to the latest statistics, the area of the national hunting fund is 21.9 million hectares, being managed by 592 hunting associations, branches of National Forest Administration ROMSILVA and forestry research and educational universities. The purpose of the study was to analyze the statistics provided by the central public authority responsible for hunting activity for the timeframe 2015-2017 as concerns the approved annual quotas for game birds. Special attention was given to the preferences of the foreign hunters. Out of the total number of birds for which the hunting is permitted, the foreigners preferred to hunt twelve species. These include the Eurasian skylark, common quail and fieldfare. The approved quotas for the hunting season 2016/2017 for the Eurasian skylark and common quail were achieved in the proportion of 56.4% and 59.0%, respectively, out of which 59.5% in the case of Eurasian skylark and 31.5% for common quail was bagged by foreigner hunters.

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common quail, Eurasian skylark, game birds, hunting, quota

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NEW DATA REGARDING OULEMA MELANOPA L. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ATTACK IN WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 142-147

Florina DUMITRU, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU

In our country, the areas cultivated with oats have oscillated over time. After a pronounced decrease of these surfaces, in recent years there has been a slight increase in both the surface area and the yields achieved per unit area. The low attention paid by the farmers to the oat culture has made the research on the pests of this crop less numerous than the other cereals. Pest monitoring, the establishment of biological reserves and the potential for attack in cereal agroecosystems, in particular oats, are issues of interest in applied research on system optimization integrated control, suitable climate and current technology. In this context, we mention that Oulema melanopa, which is considered to be one of the major pests in this culture, is of interest for oat crops. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the current status of the Oulema melanopa populations and to determine the economic impact of this species in the Western part of Romania. The paper includes original results on the researches carried out on Oulema melanopa in oat crops in the area of Şag, Timiş County, bringing new explanations and clarifying some aspects less known. Oulema melanopa adults were collected using entomological net after the method of Ruesink & Haynes (1973). Data on larval abundance were made by direct observations on plants. The research regarding Oulema melanopa were made from the second decade of April and the first half of May to assess adult attack and early June to assess larvae attack. To determine the larval attack, we used the metric frame; the intensity of attack was noted, using 4 classes of intensity. The mean adult density of Oulema melanopa was 11 ± 5, 14 specimens/sample, while the larval density was 11.85 ± 5.88 specimens/sample. In the present study, the Oulema melanopa species presented the highest abundance in the larval stage. After the research carried out in western part of Romania, we can indicate that Oulema melanopa is a bioindicator of climate change in cereal ecosystems.

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Oulema melanopa, attack, oat crops, climate changes, western Romania

Presentation: oral

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EXTENDING THE COLLABORATIVE POTENTIAL OF ENGLISH TEACHING AND LEARNING pag. 147-152

Alina-Andreea DRAGOESCU URLICA, Laura-Ioana COROAMĂ-DORNEANU, Lulzime KAMBERI

The paper puts forth a presentation of our guiding aims regarding the collaborative research we have undertaken in recent years, on-going projects, and knowledge-transfer activities. We wish to bring our contribution to the internationalization of higher education and to participate in relevant networks of communication promoting an interdisciplinary and ecological perspective on education. For this purpose, we have designed English learning materials in line with interdisciplinary curricula for students within various faculties related to Life sciences within the BUASVM “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara. By presenting more details about our work in progress, we ultimately hope to promote the acquisition of soft skills and purposeful, meaningful communication with and between students and future European citizens, as well as promoting ecological awareness through a constructivist learning framework. Our contribution to the trans-disciplinary dialogue between English language teachers and researchers across borders enables the paper to be seen as a manifesto for cooperation between ecologically-minded professionals of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) and English for Specific Purposes (ESP).

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English language; teaching; ESP (English for Specific Purposes); Ecolinguistics; communication; collaborative education; value system.

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LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES OF ROMANIAN AND TURKISH STUDENTS - COMPARATIVE STUDY PART II pag. 153-157

Alina-Andreea DRAGOESCU URLICĂ, Hasan ARSLAN

The present research has been devised as a complement to our previous comparative study describing the language learning strategies (LLSs) applied by Romanian and Turkish college students at the BUASVM “Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara (Romania) and the Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (Turkey). 241 Turkish and Romanian participants in our project have completed the Oxford five-scale questionnaire consisting of 50 items and displaying language learning strategies divided according to five major scopes. Descriptive statistics tools have also served in the assessment of the students’ scores regarding the use of strategies in the language learning process. The objectives of the study have been to determine, analyse, and contrast learning strategies preferred by students from both countries, while assessing the relevance of other factors upon their respective predilections. Extensive differences have been identified between the learning strategies employed by Romanian and Turkish students, corresponding to differences in terms of performance or grade levels as well. Initially, the questionnaire examination set out to assess the efficiency of LLSs (language learning strategies) used by both groups of students in accordance with their grades, while also putting forward practicable learning strategies that highlighted the metacognitive approach most often associated to language proficiency. The analysis we continue in this extended research attempts to verify proficient learners’ preference for metacognitive strategies, which corroborates our instructional suggestions for the use of language trainers.

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English learning/teaching; language learning strategy, comparative study, Turkey, Romania.

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HARVESTING GRAIN MAIZE WITH A CASE-IH 7088 SELF-PROPELLES COMBINE pag. 158-161

Creț C., Șeran P., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana, Ilea R.,

Abstract. Grain maize harvesting self-propelled combines have two main sub-ensembles: cob collector and thrasher. The cob collector detaches the cobs from the stem, carrying the leafless cobs to the thrasher, and chopping the stems. The chopped stems can be collected in the tow or they can be spread to be incorporated in the soil. The thrasher thrashes the cobs, separates the grains from impurities, and carries the grains to the bunker. The objective of this study were shortening the harvesting period and increasing work productivity. To reach these goal and to rationally operate the combines, we need to prepare the field for harvesting, to choose the way the combine will move in the field, to ensure transportation means, etc. harvesting grain maize was done on an area of 100 ha with a CASE IH 7088+CS8 harvesting combine. The plot was divided so that useless moves of the combine in the field be minimal and the number of rows be a multiple of four. The combine movement pattern is in linear routes with double U turns without overlapping loops. The working capacity of grain maize harvesting combines is given by the amount of maize or by the harvested area per time unit corresponding to cultivation technology requirements in t/h or ha/h, and also on working conditions. The combine working speed is chosen depending on maize yield per ha and on the thrasher flow, to avoid the combine being overloaded. For the work aimed at, the CASE-IH 7088 + CS-8 self-propelled harvesting combine harvested maize along eight rows at a working width of 5.6 m. The combine was equipped with a Diesel engine of 325 HP with an hourly productivity of24 t/h for a feeding flow of the thrasher of 18 kg/s. for a production of 6 t/ha, fuel consumption was 11.2 l/ha (1.9 l/t) and totals costs with grain maize harvesting were 79.5 RON/ha, i.e. 13.3 RON/t. To produce more per area unit with low costs, we need to strictly observe the cultivation technology by using very complex aggregates with higher productivity.

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mechanisation technology, self-propelled combine, harvesting, maize

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MECHANISATION TECHNOLOGY IN SOWING WHEAT IN CHIȘINEU CRIȘ, ARAD COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 162-165

Creț C., Șeran P., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana, Ilea R.

Abstract. Research was carried out in the conditions specific to Chișineu Criș, Arad County, Romania. The oils in the Crişului Alb Plain are chernozems, solonchaks, vertisols, and gleysols. The study is about wheat culture, the crop most extended in the area. Besides wheat, in the area they also cultivate on large areas grain maize and, on smaller areas, fodder crops. In the fall of 2016, they sowed 100 ha with wheat. Harvesting was done in June 2017. Seed and sowing. To be used for sowing, seed must be adapted to an area, come from acknowledged crops with high biological value, with minimum 98% physical purity, with minimum 90% germination, and with the highest weight of 1,000 grains. Plants from large seeds form the jointing node deeper, are better rooted, and resist better to low temperatures. The sowing period has great influence on the future crop, since it allows good jointing in the fall and storage of nutrients for the cold season and good resistance to wintering. Experimental data point out that the best results are when, during the 40-50 days from sprouting to winter (when temperature goes below +5°C), there is accumulation of 450-550°C. This corresponds to beginning of sowing, when air temperatures decreases to 13-15°C, and ending of sowing, when it reaches 8-9°C. For plain areas in southern and western Romania and for the Transylvanian Plain, this corresponds to September 25 – October 15, and. For the hill areas, to September 15 -20 – October 1. In the areas around the mountain area, sowing must be finished by September 25. Plant density. There are normal yields when there are 500-700 ears/m2. This can be ensured by sowing 400-600 germinable grains/m2, depending on the cultivar jointing ability. Seed amount varies, depending on its biological value, purity, and weight of 1,000 grains, between 200-280 kg/ha. Row distance is 10-15 cm. sowing in rows 6 cm close should be done only on lands with no plant debris and with a high chopping degree. In the last years, increasingly more countries have adopted the uncultivated path cultivation method allowing equipment for fertilisation and pest treatment. They, thus, avoid benchmarking, overlapping of soil works or soils not worked at all, and no crop damage. Sowing depth is established depending on the soil type and texture, on water supply and on germinating energy, and it ranges within 4-7 cm. under good moisture conditions, wheat should be sowed at 4-5 cm and, on dry soils, at 6-7 cm, in cultivars with long coleoptile. Fertilisation. Basic fertilisation was done before sowing with complex fertilisers 20.20.0 at rates of 250 kg/ha. During vegetation, they spread 220 kg/ha ammonia nitrate and 10 kg/ha urea.

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mechanisation technology, wheat culture, fertilisation

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GENETIC ANALYSIS OF STERLET (ACIPENSER RUTHENUS) RELEATED TO RESTOCKING PROGRAM IN HUNGARY pag. 166-170

Gyöngyvér Fazekas, Gyula Kovács, Katalin Bogár, Balázs Kovács

In the last decades many of negative effects, as different hydraulic structure, hydropower plant, and dams and river regulation influenced on the Danube river system. These artificial structures alter the water dynamic of river, the morphology of the bed-load, and the river bank. As a result of the changed hydro –ecology conditions, had been degradated the important spawning sites and habitat of sturgeon. The crucially migration to the the upper-river basin of the sturgeon was restricted, after the construction of the two dams of Iron Gate. Of the five native sturgeon species, only the sterlet (A. ruthenus) has naturally breeding population in the Hungarian region of the Middle-Danube basin. However, the size of their population is extremely decreasing. The HAKI ex situ gene bank reserves nearly 200 sexually matured sterlet speciments however, no further information about the genetic structure of this stock is avaiable. The aim of this study was to gain a preliminary knowledge on the genetic structure of broodstock in relation to the wild population. Four microsatellite loci were used this far to assess the genetic diversity of two sterlet population. 57 speciment originated from HAKI broodstock (25% of the total broodstock), and 37 individual sampled in 2016 from the Hungarian part of the Danube. Allele frequency, number of polymorphic loci, effective alleles as well as, expected and observed heterozygozities were determined by GenAlex statistical software package. Altogether 44 alleles were detected in the two observed populations. Based on four microsatellite loci data, there is no genetic differences (Fst=0,051) between the two populations this far. In the future this genotyping data can be used to improve the genetic management of the ex-situ genebank, and it will be usefull in the restocking program also. Although, for more detailed and reliable genetic results, genotypic data from further microsatellite loci are needed.

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Sterlet,Genetic, Microsatellite, Danube River, Restocking, Hungary

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PRECISION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY GUIDANCE AND AVOIDANCE OF ACCIDENTS BY USING MODERN TECHNOLOGIES pag. 171-178

Student Ionuț GHEORGHESCU,Student Florin Cristian BÂRLIBA,COORDINATOR: Asist. dr. ing. Anca-Maria MOSCOVICI

The main concept of precision agriculture is optimization, which means the precise use of resources, be it fertilizers, pesticides or irrigation water, which has positive effects on the environment. As a result, product quality is improved, and energy consumption decreases significantly. More and more, agricultural technology companies include GPS satellite navigation systems in their product catalogue. From the simplest, with the manual direction to the best, with automated section and assisted steering. So GPS systems are being searched by Romanian farmers. Satellite guidance systems can be mounted on any farm equipment on the holding, regardless of the brand, provided they have power steering. With regard to the precision of GPS systems, there are several models on the market, from the simplest, with a manual direction, which provides a 30 cm accuracy between two passes to the most advanced, with automatic assisted steering, which has an accuracy of 2 centimeters between passes. Thanks to the technology that has advanced a lot in the past, as an example, the GNSS receiver Topcon AGI-3 can receive signals from all existing satellite constellations, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, EGNOS, using 72 universal patented by Topcon. Galileo, EGNOS and Copernicus satellite communications offer high positioning precision, with a very important role in many domains. Thus, an addition to this project, automated guidance technologies for agricultural machinery, would be to detect and avoid obstacles that may appear on the ground. Also, animals that have a localization chip can be identified within a 20 meter radius of the machine, with rover software, as well as individuals with a mobile phone, or any device that receives a signal from satellite systems.

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GPS systems, agriculture precision, GLONASS, power steering, Trimble Rover.

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STUDY ON THE MODERNIZATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL ROAD SYSTEM, CORCOVA COMMUNE, MEHEDINTI COUNTY pag. 179-183

Andreea GULIN, C. M. NISTOR, T. GOLDAN,

The project which was proposed for implementation has, as responsable entity, the Corcova Commune, Mehedinti county, as public local authority wich owns and administrate the local roads which are proposed to be modernized. Corcova Commune is situated in the middle part of Husnita Highland, a relief unity of Getic Piedmont, which is sided by the Getic Sub-Carpathians and to the south by the Romanian plain. It detains a wide opening to the urban civilization reprezented by cities of Drobeta Turnu Severin at a 40 kilometer distance and Motru from Gorj County, at a distance of 15 kilometers, and even Craiova, but not before passing over Filiasi city, the first urban gate of Dolj County on the European roadway no. 70. The accomplishment of this project needed an applied documentation on the local realities regarding the topography, geology, geotechnics and also the traffic on the studied agricultural roads. Solving these goals requaired detailed topographical studies, applied geothenical studies and consulting GIS maps in serch of the owners neighbouring the modernized roads. After visiting the area, analyzing the geotehnical studies, measurements of the geotechnical elements, the longitudinal and transfersal profiles and also observing visually the state of the expertized roads,we drew thw conclusion that the upgrading capacity of the existent road system is partially outmoded, a facts which leeds to the aparition of the faults in the form of cavities camed by the freeze-tow process. From the geotehnical point of view, the drillings made have intercepted some dacian formation. Dacian is the oldest geological formation which appears at surfacebeing visible in Strehaia sector. Thus according to the plan, the actual line of the communal roads was respected, in order to avoid expropiations.The desing aof the curves was made in conformity with STAS 863 regulation. The red line was designed by taking into account the tickness of the proposed road system and also STAS 863 regulation and other technical normatives, providing the connection between existent declivities and respecting exceptional declivities in the curves. As a conclusion, we can state that the designed road structure will be, when is finalizing the construction work, a factor in the development of the area regarding agricultural exploatation but also the wine exploatations, in the conditions in which the wine growing encountered a strong development in the last few years in this administrative zone.

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roads, agricultural, GIS, geotechnics, surveying

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HUNTING OF RED DEER AND FALLOW DEER IN ROMANIA pag. 184-188

Adrian Ilie, Cristian Mihai Enescu

In Romania, the hunting is permitted for 18 mammal species (Law no. 407/2006), fallow deer (Dama dama L.) and red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) being among the most common species of hunting interest. The aim of this study was to analyze the data provided by the central public authority responsible for hunting activity for the hunting seasons starting from 2014-2015 until present regarding the approved annual quotas for fallow deer and red deer. In the case of the red deer, Harghita, Mureș and Suceava were among the counties with the highest approved quotas and with the highest numbers of realized quotas by the foreign hunters. The highest approved quotas for fallow deer were recorded in Arad and Timiș counties, respectively. We believe that these results would be useful for those of the managers of the hunting associations who would like to develop additional programs and services targeting the foreign hunters.

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fallow deer, hunting, quota, red deer

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ROLE OF INFOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS IN PRECISION FARMING pag. 189-194

Lágymányosi A.-Szabó I.-Tímár T.

Installation of up-to-date sensors and controllers to an agricultural implement that is beginning to date is a quite complicated issue. Solving this kind of problem for an anachronistic tractor is simpler as a lot of complete controlling systems can be found on the market. These systems are compatible to each other and they are also ISOBUS conform. Adapting an adequate controlling system results a modern tractor that is able to operate a smart machine. In this article we review some useable controlling systems that our experimental tractor could be equipped with and evaluate that we could utilise the precision functions.

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Precision agricultural machinery, controller network, ISOBUS

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RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOWINGPERIOD ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SWEET CORN HYBRIDS CULTIVATED IN THE WESTERN PLAIN OF ROMANIA pag. 195-200

F. LENESCHI, Ș.L. BĂTRÎNA, Prof.Gh. DAVID

The research was conducted in the Banat Plain, located in the west part of Romania. This area is favourable for the sweet corn crop especially due to climate and soil conditions. The soil type in the experimental field is a mild eutricambosoil, moderately gleaned, moderately decarbonated, on medium /coarse fluvial deposits, medium clay, with weak acidic reaction, a 6.10 pH value in the 0-27 cm horizon, the humus content is medium to good (2.58%), the supply with phosphorus and potassium is medium to good. The climate is temperate continental, with an average annual temperature of 10.6 °C and an average precipitation value of 605 mm. The experiments were bi-factorial, factor A - the sowing period (season I, 10-15 April, season II, 20-25 April, season III, 1-5 May), and factor B - the hybrid cultivated (Prima, Summer Delight and Estival created at SCDA Turda). Fertilisation was done uniformly with N 150 P 80 K 80. The summary of the harvest results shows that, on average, the yield of corncobs harvested at maturity for the three hybrids was 12,786 kg / ha in season I, 14,374 kg / ha in season II, and 13,817 kg / ha in season III. The yields of the hybrids for the three planting seasons were 14 123 kg / ha for Prima hybrid, 13 478 kg / ha for Summer Delight hybrid and 13 376 kg / ha for Estival hybrid. At harvest, measurements were made regarding the water content of the kernels, as well as the carbohydrate, protein and fats content. The results are presented in the paper according to hybrids and sowing seasons, as well as the results of physical analyses at MMB and the yield of raw kernels.

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sweet corn, hybrids, crops, chemical composition

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE COLORING OF ADULT INSECTS OF NEZARA VIRIDULA pag. 201-207

Sofia LO MONTE, Bianca LIUZZA, Ioana GROZEA

The Nezara viridula insect is part of the group of Pentatomidae, which refers to stink bugs that play an important role in ecosystems. This species is actually a pest for plants and can also create discomfort in the places where people live. Sometimes it has been observed that in vegetation the insect has a color and in the wintering areas another. In the present paper we wanted to see what are the color categories and how (when) they are changing. Observations were made, therefore, in a short period of time, during 2 months of autumn in 2018 (September and October). Five places were selected, both from vegetation (on the plant) and from pre-wintering (in plant bush, under fresh leaves fallen on the ground, inside the houses and the terraces of the houses) to collect individuals who were subsequently undergoing laboratory coloring studies. The results showed different characteristics with different background color palettes in body of the adult and also in changing of their color. The 4 color phases were cataloged like as follows: standard phase, phase I, phase II, phase III and phase IV. Statistical values of the number of insects included these categories, shown that in Phase II most of the individuals analyzed were present (x̄=8.20 ind. with s=5.05 ind.), followed by standard category (x̄=4.40 ind./s=9.20 ind.). Regarding the evolution of specimens found in different places at one time, it was establish that at the beginning of September the insects belonging the standard category with color green (of the vegetation) have predominate in samples while at last decade of October those from IV category (with brown color of winter). In conclusion, to the autumn, the insect is changing the color gradually with the decreases in temperature and fall of the leaves of the host plants.

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Insect, pest, Nezara viridula, vegetation, winter, color body

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CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EVOLUTIONISM pag. 208-212

Marius Robert Lungu, Alina Andrea Urlica, Laura Coroama-Dorneanu

Abstract Our research includes a discussion of certain culturally embedded aspects which have great relevance on the way language is conceptualized, taught and learned, along with some (un)desirable consequences envisioned from an educational and axiological point of view. The meaning of the notion “evolution” is at the core of this critical analysis, as we highlight some of the relevant consequences set into motion by the accepted scientific approach. Despite the postulation that scientific concepts maintain neutral value, it may be demonstrated that these are interpretations based on given assumptions, which generate a consequential assessment of the nature of reality. Our assumptions and perspective on the world narrow down the meaning of reality or that of certain concepts which experts have agreed to accept as valid. The study points to the materialist approach of traditional scientific discourse which often reduces higher-level realities to explainable hypotheses. However, scientific reductionism is currently challenged, as it has failed to provide an accurate and complete account of our human story. Holistic and transdisciplinary perspectives have now taken centre stage, as well as new post-Darwinist and post-Newtonian paradigms of thought. According to Karl Popper, the central problem in the philosophy of science is that of demarcation, of distinguishing between science and what he calls non-science. Popper argued that Darwinism is more a methaphysical research program than a scientific theory and natural selection cannot be tested because biological evolution is a unique historical process. He pointed out that there are evolutionary trends, but these do not prove the existence of evolutionary laws. A trend is existential not universal. Popper argued that evolution theory predicts accidental mutations and thus accidental changes.

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Key words: Darwinism; eco-linguistics; cognitive linguistics; philosophy of science, Karl Popper; semantics.

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THE ROLE OF CLIMATE FACTORS IN THE GENESIS OF SOIL RESOURCES AT LIVEZILE, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 213-217

Ioana MARCHIȘ, Iulia SOPCA, Raluca PERESCU, Casiana MIHUȚ, MIRCOV V.D.

Abstract. This paper presents the climate factors that have formed the soil resources of Livezile, Timis County, Romania, i.e. the thermal regime of the area, using data from the Weather Station in Timisoara, Romania. (1) To do so, the first step was to develop a database. We studied the area and its limits and described the climate conditions. (3) The general characterisation of the thermal regime was based on the data from the Weather Station in Timisoara, at an altitude of 90 m, which corresponds to alluvial plain relief.(7) The influence of the main climate factors on soil cover can be expressed as a “De Martonne” aridity index. The studied area belongs to the interval I with aridity index below 26. (8) Due to its geographical location, natural conditions are specific to a divagation plain, subsidence and accumulation, based on which these soils formed and evolved. (2) The rather varied micro-relief, the plain surface has water stagnations, particularly in spring, after the snow melts, and also during heavy rainfalls. (4) The alluvial plain is interrupted, along the Ghilad-Dolaţ-Giera-Şuriani line, by higher crests formed on older alluvia and considered remnants of the low Timis River terrace. This inter-river represents the southern line of saline and alkaline soil formation and spread in Western Romania. In the lower basin of the two rivers, there are extremely favourable conditions for soil formation: here, soils occur dispersed as random patches in the western soils (Livezile-Partoş-Banloc-Ofseniţa) and rarely in chernozems (Dolaţ-Giera) or eutricambosols (Ofseniţa-Soca). Ii the old watercourse divagation areas, particularly along the meanders and small valleys where the sodic mud is at small depth, there are rather frequently island-like parches of saline and alkaline soils (Odăi-Ofseniţa-Dolaţ), whose frequency increases with the distance from the old watercourses (Banloc-Dolaţ-Livezile).(5)

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Keywords: climate, soil resources, temperature, rainfall, “De Martonne” index

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MAIN HYDRIC FEATURES OF A CAMBIC CHERNOZEM IN TIMISOARA, ROMANIA pag. 218-222

MERTICARIU S., Nicoleta Florina BOJINESCU, PAȘCALĂU C., Casiana MIHUȚ, OKROS A.

The goal of this paper was to determine and know the main hydric features of the studied soil: hygroscopicity coefficient, field capacity, total water capacity, and useful water capacity. (5) The objectives aimed at were: characterising the studied area from the perspective of its natural conditions; studying the main hydric features of the soils; describing and determining the main hydric features of the cambic chernozem in Timisoara, Romania – hygroscopicity coefficient, field capacity, total water capacity, and useful water capacity; and diversifying and specialising soil researches and studies in the field.(2) What influences negatively the soil yielding potential in the area are mainly rain water stagnating, which delays certain works, particularly during rainy periods. (1,3) In Romania, the area affected by moisture excess measures about 3 million ha (from 6,300 ha in the Dobrogei Plateau to 882,900 ha in the Danube flooding area), i.e. about 13% of the total area of the country and over 20% of its agricultural lands. Knowing these features can help us take all necessary measures to increase the yielding capacity of these soils and get higher better-quality yields even on soils with moisture excess. (4)

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soil, cambic chernozem hygroscopicity coefficient, field capacity, total water capacity, and useful water capacity

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INFLUENCE OF SOIL WORKS ON THE MAIN HYDRIC FEATURES OF THE CAMBIC CHERNOZEM IN TIMISOARA, ROMANIA pag. 223-227

MERTICARIU S., Aurelia MIHUȚ, Nicoleta Florina BOJINESCU, Casiana MIHUȚ, Valeria CIOLAC, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA

Abstract. The goal of this paper is to present the main hydric features of the cambic chernozem in Timisoara, Romania, i.e. hygroscopicity coefficient, field capacity, total water capacity, and useful water capacity. (4,9) The objectives aimed at are characterising the studied area from the perspective of its natural conditions, studying the main soil hydric features, describing and determining the main hydric features of the cambic chernozem at the Didactic Station in Timisoara, Romania – hygroscopicity coefficient, field capacity, total water capacity and useful water capacity, and diversifying and specialising soil research and studies in the field. Soil was sampled in five replicates from 0-20 cm deep in the soil, in three different points: (310) Sample 1 – Ploughed soil; Sample 2 – Ploughed soil + disked and Sample 3 – Uncultivated soil covered by grassy vegetation. Soil sampling was done in two years,2017 and 2018, in April, before sowing maize, in samples 1 and 2 on cultivated land. In general, moisture excess – ground or stagnant – is the amount of water making the soil improper for working or cultivating, it is water above or below the level necessary for plants to grow. Moisture excess is a limiting factor of soil productivity; it damages crops determining a decrease of agricultural production. Sometimes, soil excess water can totally compromise the crop by impeding or even interrupting vegetation; this is why we made measurements of soil water supply.(7,8)

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soil works, cambic chernozem, ploughed soil, uncultivated soil covered by grassy vegetation

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THE INFLUENCE OF SALIN STRESS ON THE SOIL CHEMICALCOMPOSITION AND THE PRODUCTION OF PLANTS TO SOME BEAN GENOTYPES FROM NORTH-EASTERN ROMANIA pag. 228-236

Beatrice Alexandra MODIGA, Mihaela COVAȘĂ, Cristina SLABU, Alina Elena MARTA, Carmenica Doina JITĂREANU

Among environmental stressors, salinity remains the main factor, which questions thefuture of agriculture. At the same time, the resistance to this factor is determined by the morpho-anatomic and physiological properties of the plants, which ensure their tolerance to the high saltconcentration. Considering that beans are a salt-sensitive species, this study has analyzed theeffect of excess NaCl on soil chemical composition and plant production to 7 bean populationscollected from saline soils in North-East Romania. The experiment was conducted under greenconditions at the USAMV Iaşi Fitotron during 2017-2018, the plants being exposed to salinestress for 30 days with concentrations of 100 mM and 200 mM NaCl. The experience wasbifactorial, organized as randomized blocks with three rehearsals. The overall objective of thestudy is to identify local populations of beans tolerant to this stress factor. In this regard, after 30days of treatment, the results showed a significant effect of salinity on the studied genotypes. Theneutral-alkaline pH change and the high CTSS (total salt content) values from the control group,when applied to the two treatments, reduced the permeability of cell membranes by inhibitingwater absorption in part of the studied local populations. The obtained results show that theBlăgeşti 2 and Blăgeşti 4 genotypes recorded the highest productions to all experimentalvariants, which confirms the resistance of these populations to saline stress. The lowest values were recorded in the local population of Mošna, with the specification that the variant treatedwith 200mM NaCl did not fructify at all. The data was analyzed by calculating the correlationcoefficient with Microsoft Exce

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pH, CTSS, productivity, beans

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THE INFLUENCE OF SALIN STRESS ON TOTAL WATER CONTENTAT THE FOLIARY LEVEL AND PH OF THE SOIL TO SOME BEAN GENOTYPES FROM NORTH-EASTERN ROMANIA pag. 237-246

Beatrice Alexandra MODIGA, Mihaela COVAȘĂ, Cristina SLABU, Alina Elena MARTA, Carmenica Doina JITĂREANU

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors, which results in a significant reduction in yield of crop plants.This study was based on the analysis of the effect of excess NaCl on water content and water forms (free water, bound water and total water) and soil pH, to 7 bean genotypes sensitive to salts collected from saline soils from North-Eastern Romania (Iasi, Vaslui and Botosanicounties).The overall objective of the study is to contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in the saline stress intoleranceof the species Phaseolus vulgaris L. and the identification of salinity tolerant cultures.The results showed that, after 30 days of treatment, the pH of the soil has changed due to the application of saline solutions.Thus, by passing the pH from neutral to alkaline, there was a reduction in the permeability of cell membranes, inhibiting the absorption of soil water.The determinations of the water forms in the analyzed plants show that the bound water has higher values for the 200 mM NaCl treated group,to all the genotypes studied, which denotes the salinity resistance of the studied populations,due to the fact that the bound water content increases the biological resistance to dehydration induced by physiological drought,which consists of the difficulty of absorbing the water at a high external osmotic pressure.In particular, the Blăgeşti 2 and Trusesti 2 genotypes have been highlighted, indicating a high tolerance biological capacity,which is explained by the fact that mineral salts and organic acids reduce the intensity of sweating. The data was analyzed by calculating the correlation coefficient with Microsoft Excel.

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pH, soil, total water, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

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YIELD POTENTIAL EVALUATION IN CORRELATION WITH QUALITY CROP INDICES OF MAIZE HYBRIDS GROWN IN IALOMIȚA COUNTY pag. 247-253

Andrei MOȚ, Roxana Maria MADJAR, Gina VASILE SCĂEȚEANU

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal grown in Romania and is produced all over the country under diverse climate and environment conditions. Besides all these environmental factors (temperature, precipitation, fertilization, etc.), the used hybrids play an important role to establish the final production and quality parameters. The experimental research was carried out in the agricultural year 2017 in Grindu and Gheorghe-Doja locations in Ialomița County, using four hybrids: Pioneer P9903 (FAO 360, mid-early), P9537 (FAO 350, mid-early) and Dow DA SONKA (FAO 380, mid-early), DS 0336C (FAO 320, early). The research objective was to determine the influence of the hybrids on the following indices: yield, % kernel/cob, 1000 kernel weight, starch and crude protein content, and also to establish a correlations between yield capacity and quality indices for tested hybrids. All maize hybrids were have been cultivated under the same fertilisation conditions. In order to achieve the necessary data, some soil analysis were performed (soil pH, phosphorus and potasssium mobile forms, humus) ans also plant analysis (dry matter, total nitrogen content, crude protein and starch content). The experimental results indicated that the DA SONKA (mid-early) and DS0336C (early) hybrids had the best performance on yield capacity due to a very high production potential and also provided a high crude protein content. P9903 (mid-early) and P9537 (mid-early) hybrids have higher starch content compared to DA SONKA hybrid who had the lowest value. Among the four tested hybrids under the described pedoclimatic conditions, the recommended hybrid is DA SONKA, because it has the highest protein content (a very important indicator of crop quality) and also was highlighted with the highest yield. The conclusions of the research underline the importance of choosing the optimal hybrid in order to obtain a high quality crops with high yields.

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hybrids, maize, yield components, crude protein, starch

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COAL STOCKPILES DESIGN FOR REDUCING SURFACE LAND AFFECTED pag. 254-258

I.L. Oltean, T., Goldan, C.M. Nistor

Coal stockpile systems are designed for a particular capacity and have equipment designed to achieve those rates. Where there is a change in the design parameters of the coal stockpile such as stockpile or reclaim capacity, or a change in the way the system is operated, there is a possibility that the change could result in a risk to people, equipment or the environment. A review of the hazards and risk control methods shall be conducted whenever coal stockpiles are significantly changed. Bulk material placed by tipping, discharge from overhead conveyors and trippers and dozing will contain areas of instability. Placement areas are not designed as engineered compacted fill and the degree of compaction, size and shape is constantly changing. In this paper are described methods that can be applied for reduction surface land affected of stockpile.

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configuration, coal, stockpile, surface, affected

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PREVENTION AND MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF OPEN PIT COAL MINING ACTIVITIES pag. 259-264

I.L., Oltean, T. Goldan, C.M. Nistor

Many types of changes are distinguished as a result of mining: degradation of land and vegetation, change in the natural topography whith results in restrictions in the possibilities of using the land for othe purposes, modification of surface and ground water balance and quality, changes in air quality and finally changes in the geotechnical conditions of the rock. The impact varies with local conditions of the specific site of mining. Most surface mining methods are large scale, involving removal of massive volumes of material, including overburden, to extract the mineral deposit. Because the materials disposed in refuse dumps are physical-chemically heterogeneous and extremely diverse in terms of mineralogical composition (sand, gravel, clay, marl), over time there have been many occurrences of instability phenomena. Large amounts of waste can be produced in process. Surface mining also can cause noise and disturbance and may pollute air with dust.

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prevention, monitoring, environmental,impact, mining, activities,open pit

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NATURAL CONDITIONS FOR SOIL FORMATION AT VOITENI, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 265-269

Raluca PERESCU, Iulia SOPCA, Ioana MARCHIȘ, Casiana MIHUȚ, Valera CIOLAC, Anisoara DUMA-COPCEA

Abstract. The studied territory is at the interference of the low plain (toward Jebel, Ciacova, Ghilad, and Banloc) with the high plain (toward Lieblieng, Folea, and Gătaia). Due to this interference area, the relief is fragmented. It has slopes of 1-5% from east to west, south-west. Altitude ranges between 92 m (south-western extremity) and 108 m (eastern extremity). (4) The low plain is a divagation plain made up of a succession of small hills and fluvial-lacustrine depression areas. This plain is mainly a recent plain, though it appears to have frequent bumps represented mainly by deserted meanders of old watercourses, micro-depressions, and small hills. This is due to the uneven deposit of alluvial material and to subsequent changes.(1) The small hills, whose texture is coarser than that of the surrounding forms of relief, shows manmade influences. In both plain and small hill areas, there are depression-like forms (small depressions, micro-depressions, inter-hill areas, wide depression areas, deserted meanders) where water stagnates for long periods, particularly during abundant rains and snow melting. (6) As for the depth of ground waters in the low plain, it ranges between 0.5 m (in depression areas) and 3-4 m in hill areas). The passage to high plain is after are rather sinuous route marked by more or less remarkable slopes ranging within 5-15%. The high plain area is located in western Voiteni and is a relatively even area interrupted here and there by narrow valleys. On this relatively even valley, there are small depressions with no natural drainage where water from rainfall stagnates during rainy periods (also because of the predominant loamy-clayey soil texture). Therefore, in both low plain and high plain areas we need to develop and improve the existing drainage system. (3) To carry out the study, we used both data from our own observations in the field and data from previous research. (5, 9)

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Keywords: natural conditions, soil genesis and evolution, climate conditions, ground water, relief

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IDENTIFYING AND DESCRIBING SOILS IN THE EXTRA-URBAN AREA OF VOITENI, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 270-273

Raluca PERESCU, Iulia SOPCA, Ioana MARCHIȘ, Casiana MIHUȚ, OKROS A.

This paper presents a description of the main soil types and sub-types outside Voiteni, Timis County, Romania. (8) To do so, we used data from our own observations during field work, data from previous studies, as well as data from the Voiteni town hall and from O.S.P.A. Timisoara. (10) On the studied territory, we identified poor, alkaline Gleyey chernozem; loamy, low-levigated chernozem; vertic, stagnogley preluvosol; and mollic, moist phreatic preluvosol. These soils are described depending on their physical and chemical features: texture, density, apparent density, total porosity, aeration porosity, reaction, humus content, carbonate content, and base saturation level, using the classical methods or different calculus formulas. (7) These soils are at the interference between the low plain from Jebel, Ciacova, Ghilad, and Banloc with the high plain corresponding to Lieblieng, Folea, and Gătaia, which produced an uneven relief with slopes of 1-5% from east to west and south-west. The mean altitude of the area tanged within 92 and 108 m. (1,4) Lithologically, the commune of Voiteni is characterised by a succession of strata of different age, thickness, and granulometric structure, depending on the meso- and micro-relief conditions. In general, both the subjacent rock and the parental one has a variable content of CaCO3, and some of them have a high content of natrium as soluble salts or natrium carbonate (sodium muds). This, together with ground water at low depth and intensely mineralised have contributed to the genesis, in the low plain, of saline and alkaline soil types and sub-types. (5) The depth of the ground water in the low plain area corresponding to depression areas ranges between 0.5 m and 3 to 4 m in the higher areas. This caused the formation of gley, stagnogley, and moist phreatic soil sub-types. (2,6)

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soil identification, gley chernozem, loamy chernozem, vertic preluvosol, mollic preluvosol

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SPECIFIC PARTICULARITIES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS USED IN THE MINIER SCALE pag. 274-280

Pirsan Paul Razvan

The information system of the mining fund is a subsystem of the general cadastre, through which the inventory and the systematic evidence of the immovable assets belonging to the mining fund on the territory of the country are carried out, in quantitative, qualitative and legal terms, their representation on the cadastral plans, as well as the provision of the elements required for the general cadastre , the registration in the land register and the registration of these real estate in the mining book. The object of the works of this specialty evidence are both real estate located in the prospecting and / or exploitation areas (land in prospecting or surface exploitation perimeters, administrative, social and technological constructions, conveyor belts, ore dumps, access and transport, safety and protection areas, entrances to underground excavations, etc.) as well as immovable property located in the safety and protection areas above the underground excavations. The purpose of the works is to develop the database of the mining information system, to draw up the necessary documents for the realization of the real estate publicity and the registration in the mining book, as well as to provide to the general cadastre all the elements regarding the changes produced in quantitative, qualitative and legal terms , on the buildings belonging to the mining fund.

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cadastre, mining cadastre, GIS, layer, information

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USING GNSS TECHNOLOGY IN THE PROCESS OF GENERAL CADASTRE pag. 281-287

Pirsan Paul Razvan

The realization of the topographical plans and maps that form the basis of the cadastral documentation both on the surface of the mining perimeters and on the entire territory of our country, all of these works have as a starting point the realization of geodetic support networks on which any topo-cadastral lifting is carried out. Developing support networks and optimizing them is a starting point for solving topographical problems and general cadastre problems and the cadastre. Establishing links between the national geodetic network and the local geodetic networks in order to achieve the general and specialized cadastre is a major issue in current and prospective topographic and geodetic works. The creation of optimal, high precision networks with minimal errors is any study in the qualitative field of topography and cadastre problems. This paper deals with problems regarding the realization of geodetic networks, methods of taking and processing the measured quantities using modern techniques and technologies for measuring and processing these sizes.

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geodetic networks, GPS, receiver, static, GNSS, measurement planning

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INFLUENCE OF MINIMUM TILLAGE ON HUMUS AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS CONTENT pag. 288-291

Pop Valer, Nicula R., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana, I. Radu

ABSTRACT. Unconventional soil cultivation and its different variants used in some Romanian farms are preferred due to their cultivation technology and economic advantages, as well as to their compatibility with the Common Agricultural Policy. The option for unconventional systems depends on the system of agricultural machines and on the physical soil features, particularly clay content and compaction degree. Unconventional systems need knowledge of technological crop requirements as well as of the way fertilisation can be adapted and weeds can be controlled. Unconventional systems influence both soil features and energy inputs. Benefits of applying unconventional systems are:Soil cultivation time is reduced 2-4 times; Fuel consumption per area unit is reduced with 30-50%;The number of agricultural machines per area unit is reduced;Soil structure and surface and depth soil compaction are recovered; Organic matter in the soil increases;Water permeability in the soil increases and global soil drainage improves;Soil erosion is reduced;Plant debris on soil surface or incorporated in the soil (10-15 cm deep, where biological activity is maximum) contribute to soil flora and fauna growth;Ground and surface water quality is maintained (nutrients and pesticides are no longer washed away by erosion and more intense biological activity – associated to soil organic matter – uses and decomposes the nutrients);Air quality is maintained by reducing fossil fuel emissions (Diesel) used in the field and by reducing the carbon released in the atmosphere (it is fixed by soil organic matter increase). Humus content in the soil tends to increase with minimum soil tillage. This is partly due to larger amounts of plant debris (minimum 30%) at different decomposition stages when left on soil surface and in the first 10-20 cm and, on the other hand, to the balance between mineralisation and humidification achieved by specific physical, thermal, and biological regimes. Measuring humus content after 4 years shows an increasing trend of up to 0.41%. The values reached 3.11% in the ploughed variant and 3.12-3.52% in the minimum tillage variants.

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conservative works, agricultural machines and equipment, humus content, mineral nutrients

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MECHANISATION TECHNOLOGY IN MEDIUM SOIL SACRIFICATION AT 35 CM pag. 292-295

Pop Valer, Nicula R., Anișoara Duma Copcea, Mihuț Casiana, I. Radu

Abstract. The mechanization technology in medium soil scarification at 35 cm was done with an aggregate made up of a Challenger MT 765B tractor and a Horsch Tiger 8 AS scarificator. Scarification is done by moving the aggregate after the swing method. Minimum parcel size should ensure working for at least one shift. Technical, technological, and economical performances of the agricultural aggregates are assessed through technical indicators (also called use indicators or operation indicators) such as cultivation depth, cultivation width, cultivation speed, traction force resistance, operation power, operation capacity, energy source load degree and fuel consumption. The mobile aggregate moves at a certain speed determined by the cultivation technology requirements of the cultivation quality and by the agricultural machine traction and operation possibilities. Real operation speed influences the quality of the cultivation. To achieve high quality cultivation, we need to observe specific operation speed (called technological speed). Soil specific resistance influences the operation capacity of the aggregates and fuel consumption per ha. On heavy soils, the operation capacity of the ploughing aggregates is 15÷30% lower than that on medium soils and 25÷30% lower than that on light soils.Scarificator coulter and chisel sharpness has a great influence on traction resistance force. Thus, changing coulter or chisel sharpness from 1 to 3.5 mm makes traction force resistance increase with up to 45%. Other factors also influence traction resistance in soil cultivation agricultural machines, such as technical state, proper assemblage of operating organs, tractor coupling, etc. Specific soil resistance influences the aggregate operation capacity and fuel consumption per ha. On heavy soils, the operation capacity of the ploughing aggregates is 15÷30% lower than that on medium soils and 25÷30% lower than that on light soils. Scarificator coulter and chisel sharpness has a great influence on traction resistance force. Thus, changing coulter or chisel sharpness from 1 to 3.5 mm makes traction force resistance increase with up to 45%. Scarification is done by moving the aggregate after the swing method. Minimum parcel size needs to ensure at least one shift. The land to be scarified needs to be divided into parcels.

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mechanization technology, tractor, scarificator

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IDENTIFICATION OF THE MYCO-TOXIGENOUS FUNGI FROM PEANUT SEEDS (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) FROM STORES pag. 296-302

POPA Mihaela1, COTUNA Otilia1

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) can be attacked by many pathogens both in field and in deposits. Most of the time the peanuts are healthy, but during improper storage they can be contaminated with fungi. The myco-flora associated with the peanut seeds is formed mainly by fungi from the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus. The mentioned fungi are very harmful for health because they are producing carcinogenic mycotoxins. Mainly the Aspergillus species can infect peanuts during the vegetation period, especially in the case very high humidity conditions in field. Thus, the infection can continue during the harvesting, transport and storage. Due to this fact, the problem of the accumulation of aflatoxins is very serious in the big peanut cultivating countries. Many researches show the presence of the aflatoxins in the sold peanuts. The approached topic in this research is actually and presents interests for the consumers in special. The identification if the myco-toxigenous from peanuts from supermarket was realised on seeds that were originating from four countries (Romania, Brasil, U.S.A. and Egipt). The main objective of this laboratory study was to identify the myco-toxigenous fungi, mainly those that grow on and from peanuts sold in supermarkets in Timisoara. During the sample collection there was considered the origin of the peanuts to comprise different parts of the world. The peanuts were bought from big supermarkets. The obtained results regarding the fungal contamination index of the peanuts seeds with fungi show the presence in myco-flora of some myco-toxigenous fungi harmful for health. Fusarium sp. is highlighted in all the samples by a quite great contamination rate comprised between 5.12% (the peanut crust samples from U.S.A.). The contamination of the seeds with the myco-toxigenous fungus Aspergillus flavus is obvious in the case of the peanuts from U.S.A. where was registered the greatest infection rate of 25.89% in seeds and 10.25% in crusts. The third fungus that was determined in quite great rates on the peanuts seeds was Penicillium sp. The greatest infection level was registered in the samples from China (24.56%) and U.S.A. (22.32%). Aside the three myco-toxigenous fungi was grown in a great rate in some samples the fungus Rhizopus sp., that usually is present in the peanuts seeds. The greatest infection level of the infection was determined in the peanuts from Egipt (65.85%) and those from Romania (64.56%).

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Fusarium sp., Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., peanuts, Arachis hypogaea, myco-toxigenous fungi.

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ARE THE GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES IMPORTANT? pag. 303-311

Andreea STULEANEC, Lavinia POPESCU, Roxana ȘELARIU, Mihai Valentin Herbei

This paper presents how to visualize and how to transform geographic coordinates used in everyday life for various purposes that require precision and accurate localization. Geographic coordinates are based on latitude and longitude. Latitude and longitude make it possible to precisely locate any point on the Earth's surface. The equator is the imaginary circle on the Earth's surface, formed by its intersection with a plane passing through its center and perpendicular to its axis of rotation (the axis connecting the North Pole to the South Pole). The meridian is the circular arc (semicircle) on the surface of the Earth that connects the North Pole with the South Pole, the semicircle determined by the intersection of the Earth with a plane containing its axis of rotation. Meridian 0 or Meridian Origin is the semicircle joining the North Pole with the South Pole passing through the Royal Observatory location in Greenwich, London, UK. The position of Meridian 0 was adopted in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference, held in the United States. Correct transmission and precise interpretation of the position of a location based on geographic coordinates is very important, even vital in certain situations. The geographic position of a point, based on geographic coordinates, can be rendered in 3 distinct ways, depending on Latitude and Longitude 1. Decimal Degree – DD (ro.: Grade Zecimale - GZ): 44,42750; 26,10278 2. DEGREE DECIMAL MINUTE - DDM (ro.:Grade Zecimale Minute - GZM): 440 25.650 N; 260 06.167 E 3. Degree Minute Second - DMS (ro.: Grade Minute Secunde - GMS): 44025’39’’N, 260 06’10’’E Thus, the transformation of geographical coordinates is of particular importance in practice, because these very commonly used coordinates can be written in various forms, and GNSS tools and specialized software records and displays these coordinates according to the user's settings (DD or DDM or DMS). That is why it is very important to know these types of geographic coordinates and to transform them among them.

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DD, DDM, DMS, geographic coordinates, transformation

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CURRENT ASPECTS OF SOIL EROSION WORK ON AGRICULTURAL LAND DURING THE PERIOD 1990 - 2016 IN IASI COUNTY pag. 312-319

Simina-Mirela RĂILEANU

Most agricultural lands in Iasi County are located on slopes with different degrees of inclination. Areas affected by erosion all over the territory are significant and from 1990 until now the situation has worsened. For all slope agricultural land it is necessary to perform land improvement works on soil erosion control. Combating erosion, improving eroded land and bringing it to a high degree of fertility requires arrangements, measures and works to be applied differently for each situation. As early as the 1960s - 1970s, measures were taken to prevent and combat this degradation process by making anti-erosion arrangements on appreciable surfaces, these consist of: agrotechnical works to combat soil erosion on agricultural land with arable land and landscaping works with vineyards and orchards, improvement of pastures. The objectives are aimed at analyzing the exploitation behavior of soil erosion control works on the slopes of the studied area for a period of 16 years and proposals on the prospects of combating soil erosion. At the same time, also the destruction of important soil protection and soil conserving works on the slopes (brooks, terraces, debris, banquets and coastal canals). Considering that at the county, surfaces with lands requiring landscaping are also significant in relation to the pace at which such arrangements have been made so far, in the perspective of this, special financial efforts are needed for their extension In order to achieve the proposed objective, the data obtained from the study of the topographical maps (sc 1: 50,000 and 1: 100,000) and the soils (sc 1: 200,000), the information on the evolution of agricultural use and the anti-erosion works, as well as the findings fieldwork on slope processes and soil erosion control work by the research team involved in the topic. Rehabilitation of anti-erosion works and the execution of new ones are imperative in the county.

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anti – erosion works, soil losses, landscaping, Iasi County

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LANDSLIDES - A RISK FACTOR FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN IASI COUNTY pag. 320-325

Simina-Mirela RĂILEANU

Land landslides are processes of degradation of damaging agricultural land and difficult to anticipate. In general, the degradation of agricultural lands by landslides involves changing the use category of the affected area, always from one upper to the lower one; most of the time goes to set-aside, ie to unproductive land. The production of landslides determines, first of all, the change of the slope configuration on which, the conditions of agricultural exploitation are worsening. The smoothing and landscaping of sloping lands involve high costs, the use of special equipment and the adoption of solutions - in some cases - of great technical difficulty. The natural conditions in Iasi county are favorable to slope processes. Exploitation of agricultural land without respecting soil fertility conservation requirements has favored the intensification of the soil erosion process and the reactivation of some landslides. All of this has negative repercussions on the agro-production potential of agricultural lands on the slopes. The paper presents the evolution of agricultural trains affected by landslides after 1990. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the data provided by the Office for Pedological and Agrochemical Studies of Iasi, the National Agency for Land Improvement, North Moldova subsidiary and the National Institute for Research and Development for Land Improvement, Iasi branch. Case studies are also presented for the situation in representative communal territories. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the data provided by the Office for Pedological and Agrochemical Studies of Iasi, the National Agency for Land Improvement, North Moldova subsidiary and the National Institute for Research and Development for Land Improvement, Iasi branch. Case studies are also presented for the situation in representative communal territories. In order to achieve the proposed objective, the data obtained from the survey of topographical maps (sc 1: 50 000 and 1: 100 000) and soils (sc 1: 200 000). Avoiding the degradation of soil degradation on some slopes in Iasi county requires the immediate finding of solutions to reduce the water erosion within tolerable limits and to contribute to the stabilization of the sliding masses on the surfaces with potential conditions.

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Agricultural problem areas, landslide, land degradation, Iasi county

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RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ON TOMATO GROWN IN SMALL-SCALE AIMING THE REUSE OF MINERAL WOOL pag. 326-332

Barbara Schmidt-Szantner - Tibor Terbe

The goal of our research is to determine how the incorporation of mineral wool originated from hydroponics impacts the yield and main industrial processing parameters of tomato. The experiment aims the examination of mineral wood used in the forcing of plants from the aspect of reusability. As far as we know, nobody has ever examined the possibility of mineral wool incorporation in Hungary. The research has been implemented within the framework of EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00016 and has been supported by NAIK ZÖKO (Vegetable Crop Research Department of National Agricultural Research and Innovation Centre). We consider this research as a preliminary experiment taking into account the small scale on whish it has been realised. The experiment was conducted in Kalocsa, using Unorosso F1 tomato variety grown on poor quality, slightly alkaline alluvial soil. Prior to planting mineral wool has been incorporated in the soil. Trickle irrigation has been applied in the involved parcels after themain flowering using 50% of the total water demand of the plants. They received nutrients necessary for their development according to the preliminarily implemented soil analysis. In the vegetation period 70% of the total nutrient requirements (nitrogen: 38 g/m2; phosphorous: 8 g/m2; potassium: 55 g/m2) has been dispensed until the main flowering. The remaining amount has been provided during the fruit growing and ripening phase with the prevalence of potassium. Bands were created for the experiment with four repetitions. The trickle irrigation system was the reason for this pattern, since it was a less labour-intensive task to dispense the exact amount of water and nutrients. Water supply has been determined by tensiometers and the specific water demand. Water meters attached to the irrigation system measured the amount of water used. Beside the parcels with incorporated mineral wool other oneswere observed as control. In these parcels no mineral wool has been used, the irrigation was 0%, 50% or 100% of the water demand. Seedlings were planted later than usual. Harvest started in the beginning of September. We tried to simulate machine harvesting conditions. Berries were shaken off the cut plants and were sorted by colour: ripened, burgeoned, green and unhealthy ones were separated. Precipitation was extremely high in Kalocsa following the main flowering period.The amount of rain exceeds 30 mm in five occasions. Thus, water was not a limiting factor. No considerable differences were observed regarding the effects of the different treatments, although it can be stated that the mineral wool provided more balanced water supply for the plants. The colour-based classification of berries indicated that good water supply can increase the number of burgeoned and green products. When growing plants outdoor, the effects of the given vintage cannot be excluded. Since it remarkably influences our current and future results the continuation of this experiment is justified. Mineral wool used in this preliminary experiment has an impact on the structure and mineral content of soil, too. It is important to examine mineral wool as a horticultural by-product to reveal the consequences of its use regarding plants, soils and the creatures living in them.

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tomato, minetal wool, irrigation, yield

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U.A.V. TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DETECTION OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL CHANGES OF THE USEFUL AREA FOR FORAGE OF GRASSLAND pag. 333-341

M. SIMON, Loredana COPĂCEAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU

The research presented in this paper was carried out in the western part of Romania, on the administrative territory of Arad County, in Hălmagiu commune. The use of drones in the field of geospatial science is currently very demanding due to its relatively light operation and relatively affordable cost compared to satellite systems, especially high resolution images. In the last decade, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as remote sensing platforms has become more and more popular for a wide range of disciplines and scientific applications. At present, many photogrammetric mapping methods have used drones to retrieve and record data on objects on the earth. Starting from the above considerations, the use of the drones in the "scientific exploitation" of the areas used as meadows is justified and appropriate. Conceptually and practically, this study seeks to quantify the process of reducing the useful area for feeding a meadow in time and space, using UAV technology and satellite imagery, by achieving three main objectives: Surface exploration through UAV technology, setting spatial-temporal evolution and cause-effect analysis. In the case of this study, a flight with the DJI Phantom 4 Pro equipment was performed, and the image processing was done with the Agisoft PhotoScan Professional software. The comparative analysis was done in the GIS environment, by overlapping and marking the negative changes occurring in the meadow analyzed over the course of four years. Between 2014 and 2018, the useful area of the analyzed meadow was reduced by 21.1%, from 5.83 ha to 4.60 ha, mainly due to two natural phenomena: the extension of the bushes and hence the afforestation and hydrological changes on the course of Crisului Alb, associated with erosion phenomena. Orthophoto and geospatial data from aerial photographs are particularly useful in other types of analysis: vegetation studies, topo-cadastral measurements, 3D modeling, land planning, hydrological studies, etc.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, flight planning, DJI Phantom 4 Pro, meadows, Google Timelapse

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SUSTAINABLE USE OF SOIL COVER IN THE LIGHED - LUNCA TIMIȘULUI FOREST ADMINISTRATION pag. 342-345

Iulia SOPCA, Raluca PERESCU, Ioana MARCHIȘ, Casiana MIHUȚ, Valera CIOLAC, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA

Abstract. This paper presents a brief description of the soil cover in the Lighed, Lunca Timișului Forest Administration (Romania), and of the woody vegetation within the studied perimeter for sustainable use.(11) Together with the other elements of the environment (water, air, vegetation, and fauna), soil is the essential element that ensures food for both plants and humans and animals, participating in the different vital cycles of ecosystems; it is the cradle and source of existence for humankind. Hence the necessity of deeply knowing nature and soil features, its functions, its complex relationships with other components of the environment for sustainable use and soil reserve management, so that soil cover be free of damage that could impact the environment.(9) Studies were carried out within the production unit VII Lighed, part of the Lunca Timişului Forest Administration, Forest Office Timişoara – National Regie of Forests, where it covers 1657.3 ha in north-west. (4) This paper presents climate and edaphic ecological indicators differentiating forest stations from the perspective of their economic value. The permanent hydrographic network is made up of the Timiş River and Pogonici Rivulet. (6,10) The goal of the paper was to identify soils within this forest administration for proper, effective, and sustainable use. (7) Research was carried out in the field, laboratory, and office. The goals of the study were knowing the physical geographical landscape, determining ecologic and climatic indicators based on local Weather Stations, identifying natural vegetation depending on their yielding level (high, medium, and low), describing soils and station types, and making recommendations after establishing the economic value of each forest station. (3) Research in the field and in the laboratory allowed us to identify the following soil types and sub-types: chernic gleysol, gleysol, alluvial gley soil, and mollic alluvial gley soil.(2,5)

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Keywords: soil cover, sustainable use, forest administration, chernic gleysol, gleysol, alluvial gley soil, mollic alluvial gley soil.

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SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS FOR SOIL GENESIS IN SAG, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 346-350

Iulia SOPCA, Raluca PERESCU, Ioana MARCHIȘ, Casiana MIHUȚ, MIRCOV V.D.

Abstract. The goal of this study was to analyse the soil and climate conditions that engendered the soil cover at Sag, Timis County, Romania. The objectives of the study were to study the soil conditions of soil genesis; the natural landscape including data regarding the lithology, hydrology, and hydrology of the area; climate data; and data regarding the soil cover with a description of the soil types and sub-types within the studied perimeter. (4) The soils in the studied area were formed and evolved through the interaction of the complex of soil and climate factors among which the most important are ground water, relief, parental rock, climate, vegetation, and human factor, while underlying the dominant influence of the water.(1) The parental material (rock) on which these soils formed are generally made up of fluvial-lacustrine deposits and remade loessoid deposits, which formed very different soils. The soils, formed, in general, under the influence of water, are hydric, such as gley soils and stagnosols, and their sub-types.(5) On loess and loessoid deposits formed deeper soils with higher fertility such as chernozems, phaeozems, and preluvisols, and on fluvio-lacustrine materials formed eutricambosols. In areas located in the near vicinity of the River Timis, alluvial soils formed. On plane lands near watercourses with different granulometric structure there are luvisols and on clogged lands whose structure is medium fine and in the presence of 1.2-1.5 m deep ground water, gley soils and gley chernozems appeared. These soils are more or less drained and evolve towards the area type. (2,6) In the same areas, loam levigation produced stagnic and gley phaeozems. As for mean annual temperatures, they range within 10.2-10.6◦C. In time, temperatures varied non-periodically, depending on air mass frequency and intensity. Rainfalls also had an uneven distribution per years and months. The highest values were in May and June, and the lowest ones were in January, March, and September.(3,7)

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Keywords: soil and climate conditions, soil type, soil genesis and evolution

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CAN I BE TRACKED BY GOOGLE? pag. 351-360

Andreea STULEANEC, Mihai Valentin HERBEI

"Can I be tracked by Google?" is a case study on the Google Maps app, used today by many people, on various desktop or mobile devices. Maps generated by the Google Maps app, based on Google's personal account, highlights location history as well as user routes. These maps can be handled in various ways, can be deleted from the history, but can also be exported in a GIS format such as the KMZ or JSON format. This paper describes both the steps of accessing the new Google Maps section "Your timeline" or "Cronologia ta"(in romanian), available only to us users and to Google, as well as enabling or disabling the innovative location tracking feature for Google Maps and other applications from various search engines such as Chrome, Mozzila Firefox, Safari, Opera, etc. and on different operating systems (Android and IOS). With an innovative feature titled Your Timeline, Google Maps shows your tracks in recent years, and besides this, Google Maps gives you the chance to create a map that allows you to choose both the road that you want to go through and mark your own goals on that road. You can import this map into Google Earth with public or secure access. The importance of this research paper is the innovative feature of the Google Maps application that can store and track the location at any time, the coordinates of the points of travel, the distance between these points, the way the route is traversed (on foot, by car, by public transport etc.) without being limited by a certain distance or a certain amount of time, that is, it tracks and saves all available information about locations around the world for years in a row until this feature is deactivated by the Google Account holder on the device used, be it a mobile phone or a laptop. This feature also provides the opportunity to save photos taken in any place, and moreover, transmits real-time information about traffic situations related to each obstacle or difficulty, and can determine an alternative or bypass route, and also, you can follow your desired route on a map created by you.

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Android, GIS, Google Maps, IOS, tracking, timeline

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CHANGES OF NUTRIENT VALUES IN HIDROPHONIC TOMATO GROWING SYSTEM pag. 361-367

Tibor Terbe - Barbara Schmidt-Szantner

As consumer demands change, beside early availability of fruits and vegetables, high content value becomes more and more expected. Health-enhancing impacts of tomato are, among others, attributed to lycopene, thus varieties containing higher amount of lycopene are sought-after in production. Outdoor plants obtain the necessary amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere that has a CO2 concentration of approximately 300 ppm (0.03 vol%). In tightly sealed greenhouses the required amount of carbon dioxide can be provided by ventilation. However, the issue of CO2 fertilisation has been emerged in the 1950s in connection with vegetable forcing. This practice has become an integral part of forcing in numerous countries during the past 20 to 25 years. In our experiment we tried to learn how the growing conditions of vegetable forcing, CO2 content in particular, influence content value, with special attention paid to lycopene content. In 2017 we have examined the content values of Aruba F1 vine tomato grown in the greenhouse of St István University Galambos educational facility. We used the data of plant monitoring (leaf area etc.). The climate computer controlling the greenhouse made it possible to record and assess different sets of data such as outer and inner temperature, insolation, CO2 level etc. One of the outstanding characteristics of Aruba F1 tomato is its deep red colour. Based on the measurements it is due to its high content value – especially to lycopene. However, content values showed considerable fluctuations during the examined growing period of 2017. The difference between the highest and lowest recorded values was approximately 50%. Remarkable distinction was also observed between the highest peak in August and the lowest value in September. It can only partly be explained by the decreasing temperature and insolation, since samples from May had higher content values despite the same amount of total insolation and lower weekly mean temperatures. By examining the 60-day-long ripening period it can be concluded that the considerable (-39%) decrease of temperature implied the reduction of leaf area (-30%). Therefore, it can be presumed that these two changes together led to the notable alteration of content values. The overall conclusion is that, beside the variety, environmental conditions dominantly influence the amount of lycopene even in case of soilless cultivation. Although these environmental factors can, in certain extent, be adjusted in greenhouses, plants react in a sensitive way to changes occurring in light conditions, temperature and CO2 level. These reactions affect content values of the plants, including the amount of lycopene that is an important quality indicator.

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hydroponics, tomato, temperature, insolation, artificial regulation of carbon dioxide, content value, lycopene

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PRESENTATION OF THE AGROZOOTECHNICAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN THE AREA OF VINŢU DE JOS, ALBA COUNTY pag. 368-373

Timariu Raul, Onețiu Paven( Scrob) Alexandra, Dușcă Damir, Okros Adalbert, Casiana Mihuț

The agricultural system comprises a set of sectors, technologies, machines and technological aggregates where the soil is used as the main production resource for agriculture. Thus, the agricultural system differs from one area to another depending on the facilities and the working methods of each community in Romania. Vinţu de Jos commune is located in the centre of Alba County, a village with favourable conditions for the development of modern (intensive) and mixed farming systems, as climatic factors positively influence the growth and development of plants and animal husbandry. The purpose of this paper is to highlight how a farm in this commune can combine land cultivation and livestock breeding by implementing a system of agriculture at a superior and complex technological level. Thus, in this paper we will present climatic data, the type of predominant soil, the cultivated areas, the obtained productions and the technological park.

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vintu de jos

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AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH-WEST AREA OF BANAT pag. 374-377

Ungureanu Alexandra, Crista Maria Manuela, Bojinescu Florina Nicoleta, Okros Adalbert, Pîrșan Paul

Agriculture has been and continues to be a vital area of human activity. It remains the only source of food, an important supplier of raw material for industry and an important market for its production. The development of agriculture is influenced by natural, technical and social economic factors. Among the natural factors, climate has an essential role; it conditions the spread and structure of agricultural crops through the regime of temperature, humidity and light. Relief influences the altitude distribution of crops, exposure to slopes, tilting of plants. The genetic type of soil contributes to its main attribution, namely fertility, to which the ability to drain and retain water is added.

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agriculture

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THE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYGONUM PLANTS PRESENT IN THE ALEXANDRU BELDIE HERBARIUM pag. 378-384

Vechiu Emilia, Dincă L., Bratu I.

Polygonum Genus contains over 300 species spread out in Europe, North and South America, Asia and North Africa. Most species of this Genus are used for treating different medical conditions, such as: heart failure, kidney failure, hemorrhoids, leucoreea, scrofula, acute respiratory infection and epistasis. A number of 186 plates that contain 41 Polygonum species are found in Al. Beldie Herbarium from INCDS ”Marin Drăcea” Bucharest. The majority of plants belong to the following species: Polygonum lapathifolium L., Polygonum aviculare L., Polygonum bistorta L., and Polygonum convolvulus L. The species were gathered between 1842 and 1996, with a maximum period between the 1930-1939 period. The plants were collected by renowned Romanian specialists such as Al. Beldie, S. Pașcovschi, A. Coman, At. Haralamb or C.C. Georgescu from Bucegi Mountains, Retezat Mountains, Bucharest, Buzău, Cluj, Constanța and Valea Prahovei. The purpose of this present paper is to describe certain Polygonum species present in the above-mentioned Herbarium.

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Polygonum, species, properties

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DESCRIBING THE LYCOPODIUM GENUS BASED ON THE PLANTS PRESENT IN AL. BELDIE HERBARIUM pag. 385-390

Vechiu Emilia, Dincă Lucian, Cântar Ilie-Cosmin

The present paper presents the morphological and ecological description of certain species that belong to the Lycopodium Genus and that are present in Al. Beldie Herbarium from Marin Drăcea National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) from Bucharest. The Herbarium hosts 55 plates that belong to 7 species of the above mentioned Genus. These species are kept in a good conservation state, being gathered by Romanian botanists between 1858 and 1981. Furthermore, data regarding their harvesting year and place are also mentioned, as well as the people that gathered them and their conservation degree on a scale from 1 to 4. The Lycopodium species have been collected from different mountain areas from Romania, such as Bucegi, Țibleș, Călimani or Piatra Craiului Mountains.

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Lycopodium, herbarium, species

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INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BEGINNING OF GRAZING ON GRASSLANDS FROM ATU ORAVIŢA, IN CORRELATION WITH PASTORAL TRADITIONS pag. 391-398

Lia HOANCEA, M. SIMON, P. Rain, Loredana COPĂCEAN, Luminiţa COJOCARIU

Banat area, from Romania, maintains its old pastoral traditions, of which some are from the Dacians and Romans’ period. In the Administrative Territorial Unit Oraviţa, Caraş – Severin County, the material space, in direct relationship with the religious one, has been crystallized and evolved in strong connection with the relief conditions (the contact between the mountain and the depression area) and the major production activities (animal breeding), which generated a lifestyle specific to the inhabitants of this area. In this perspective, the pastoral year, according to their own calendar, begins with the Christian celebration of Saint George (23rd of April) and ends with Saint Demetrius (26th of October), the opener of the pastoral winter. Under such circumstances, this paperwork attempts to identify the opportunity of maintaining the pastoral traditions related to the beginning of grazing on grasslands from ATU Oraviţa, identified by GIS techniques and teledetection. In order to carry out this study, we also used the data and scientific information provided by the specialty literature regarding the beginning of grazing, data from the Meteo Station Oraviţa (2015-2017), and also data achieved through direct observations, in field. According to temperature variation during March, April and May, the areas of temperature representation for 2016 and 2017 increase compared to 2015, and this reveals the fact that, in 2015, when the temperatures overtake for 10 days an average value bigger than 10 degrees (necessary for plant growing) is comprised within the middle of April, and this corresponds to the beginning of the traditional pastoral year. Meanwhile, in 2016, the corresponding period is comprised between 28th of March and 6th of April, and, in 2017, this period is comprised between the end of March, namely 20th – 29th of March. During this period, the rainfall favours, beside temperature, plant growing in the grasslands analyzed. The Romanian people has created its own calendary, deeply anchored in religion, meteorology, traditions and beliefs reflected in the relationship between traditional activities and nature rhythms, a symbol of maintenance of our cultural identity, by preservation and capitalization of the popular ethos.

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temperature, rainfall, grassland, pastoral traditions

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STUDY REGARDING THE RESPONSE OF SOME APPLE VARIETIES TO THE ATTACK THE BACTERIUM ERWINIA AMYLOVORA (BURRILL) WINSLOW pag. 399-406

Constantin MIHUŢESCU, Otilia COTUNA

Erwinia amylovora is a very dangerous plant pathogen bacterium that produces the disease named fire blight. Due to its gravity was mentioned in the category of the phytosanitary quarantine in the Annex II from H.G. 563/2007. The pathogen has entered on the territory of Romania in the ’90 and slightly was expanded in all the fruit tree cultivation areas. In the last years there was noticed an increase of the frequency and intensity in apple, pear and quince. Erwinia amylovora represents a risk for the fruit tree sector, mainly in pear and apple but also in nurseries. The topic approached in this study is present-day and is looking to bring support for the fruit tree farmers from Banat’s area because they are confronting often with problems that are regarding the pathogens control from the apple orchards and mainly the control of the fire blight that is almost impossible to control, mostly in the years with hot and humid weather. The main objective of the research was the monitoring of six apple varieties from a fruit tree farm from Banat, where the bacterium Erwinia amylovora is present for several years. There was monitored the response of these varieties to the attack of the bacterium during two years. The studied apple varieties monitored were Florina, Granny Smith, Generos, Mutsu, Idared and Golden Spur. The mentioned varieties have different resistance to the attack of fire blight. The obtained results following this research show that there is a relative great variability in the response of the varieties to the attack of the pathogen, this aspect being confirmed by other researches too. The age of the trees is very important. There was noticed that the younger trees have better resistance to the attack than the older ones. The most attacked varieties from the research were Idared, Mutsu and Golden Spur. The varieties Granny Smith, Florina and Generos were manifested as medium resistant (MR). The lowest attack intensity was registered in the variety Granny Smith (between 1% and 2% attacked shoots). The genetic resistance of the varieties from this research is supported by the obtained results, being very important in the management of the infections produced by Erwinia amylovora.

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Erwinia amylovora, fire blight, varieties, genetic resistance, apple, intensity.

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THE STUDY OF HYDRO-CLIMATIC DEFICITS IN THE ARAD AREA, ROMANIA pag. 407-412

Baștea Oana-Bianca / Armaş Andrei / Ienciu Anişoara / Șmuleac Laura

Climatic changes in Arad area, Romania, made possible for droughty periods to appear in areas where the sums of annual or seasonal precipitations is closer to multiannual means, that is, the water which came with a high intensity (mm/min) rainfall was prevented from being collected in the soil. This shows that the main hydro-climate risks are the hydric deficits and some humidity excess periods. This study is focused at presenting the hydric deficits ( i.e. the existence of large droughty periods an d some hydric excess) in the Arad area in a time span of over two years (2015-2016). These years have been analyzed from the multiple points of view of several hydro climatic indicators from the specialized literature. The following parameters for monitoring hydro climate deficits in the Arad area have been used: sum of annual and monthly precipitations, monthly and annual hydric deficit and their own graphic representation, average monthly temperatures, monthly and annual mean evapotranspiration, mean monthly temperature and their evolution. Climate and hydro-thermal indexes of drought (Hellman, Topor, Lang and the hydro-thermal indicator Seleaninov) have also been calculated and analyzed. Moreover, the Thornthwaite index of precipitation efficiency has been characterized according to the precipitation deficit. When taking into consideration the rainfall regime, which is an important indicator of acknowledging drought and humidity excess, this of course depending only on the sum of monthly precipitations in the summer as well as in the spring (annual sum of the precipitations), a conclusion can be drawn is that during the lenghty period studied (2015-2016) the second year, 2016, was humid and rainy. Regarding the precipitation deficit, when compared to monthly, seasonal, annual and multiannual figures, it can be said that June, August and September were mainly droughty periods in both analyzed years. The year 2015 was a semi-arid one according to most indicators analyzed, having significant hydric deficits during most of the hot season as well as higher monthly and annual temperatures than multi-annual ones. Finally, results regarding the year 2015 show that there have been periods with hydric deficits, even droughty months from April till August, being defined as a semi-arid year in most indicators analyzed.

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potential evapotranspiration, , annual hydric deficits, precipitation deficit, hydro-thermal indicators

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STUDIES ON WATER REQUIREMENTS IN CORN CROPS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF ARAD pag. 413-419

ROMINA MAZĂRE1, LIANA GHENȚ1, ANIŞOARA IENCIU1, DAN MANEA1

By analyzing the evolution of rainfall last year, it concludes that summers are becoming increasingly droughty and the extreme weather is causing large losses of agriculture production. To limit the adverse effects of these phenomena, researchers permanently are studying alternatives and new tehnologies and their application in a reasonably and efficient manner. The evaluation of water requirements for crops is related to evapotranspiration potential (ETP), wich is the water consumption of the ground covered by a carpet of perennial herbs, water supplied to the field capacity. Optimal real evapotranspiration (ETRO) represents water consumption for plants, consumption, wich provides higher economically efficient harvests. In the paper was determined monthly and annual potential evapotranspiration, also it was compiled a hydroclimatic balance and balance curves for the years included in the study, comparing the average of monthly, annual temperature and precipitation with normal areas. Also, the water consumption of grain maize culture (ETRO) in Arad for 2016 and 2017 was determined by indirect methods, namely the Thornthwaite method, the most used method for the conditions in our country, and the Lawry Jhonson method dispatch and extremely fast. The monthly, annual and daily average consumption of corn crops were determined using these methods during the two years studied. The total water consumption of the corn crop in the Arad area was 5272 mc/ ha, representing an average value on the two methods studied in 2016. The total water consumption of maize in 2017 was lower compared to the one in 2016, (4,116 mc/ ha) the year being a droughty year with high air temperature compared to the normal area. The highest water consumption was in the June, July and August warm months, and the lowest monthly water consumption to maize was recorded in April and September. The rainfall coverage of water consumption of corn crops was 79% in 2016 and 74% in 2017, resulting in a water demand of 1300 mc/ha in 2016 and 1500 mc/ha in 2017, which it should be supplemented by irrigations.

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corn crops, total water consumption, monthly consumption, water requirements

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THE STUDY OF SOME ANATOMICAL FEATURES IN STEMS AND LEAVES OF MACROPHYTES (HIPPURIS VULGARIS L., IRIS PSEUDACORUS L. AND NUPHAR LUTEA (L.) SM.) pag. 420-429

NEGRUȚ, G., NICOLIN, A., NEACȘU, A.

The plants live under different environmental conditions and then they present specific adaptations (morphological, anatomical, physiological), changing the shape of their organs and their structures. The macrophytes are plants adapted to live in wet soil, either partially or totally submerged. The analysis of the morpho-anatomical structure of macrophytes shows their adaptations such as heterophylly, the development of aerenchyma tissues, the reduction of supporting tissues, the simplification of conducting vessels, the disposing of stomata only on the upper epidermis of the floating leaves, their absence in the case of submerged leaves etc. (Antonescu, 1951, Leme & Scremin-Dias, 2014, Nakayama & Kimura, 2015, Huang et al., 2017 etc.). We present some anatomical aspects observed from a microscopic study of some macrophytes: Hippuris vulgaris L. (mare's-tail), Iris pseudacorus L. (yellow flag iris), Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm (yellow water lily). The sections were made on fresh material, according to the anatomical working rules (Ianovici, 2009, Arsene & Nicolin, 2016). To highlight certain tissues we used staining methods. Sectioned organs were: stems of Hippuris, leaf lamina of Iris, petioles and leaf lamina of Nuphar. By microscopial study, we saw that aerenchyma tissues are very well developed in all three species; endoderma is well represented in mare's-tail stems; we found the idioblasts in the spongy clorenchyma of the leaf lamina of yellow water lily; we have noticed that the leaves of the yellow water lily have a bifacial structure and the leaves of the yellow iris have ecvifacial structure. Our observations are completed by data from other authors who have studied these species: Schweingruber et al., 2013, Kane & Albert, 1987, Goliber & Feldman, 1990, Gontova & Zatylnikova, 2013, Marrotte, 2011, Klimenko, 2012, Bercu & Făgăraș, 2008. We mention that our results are presented also as bachelor thesis (Negruț, 2018).

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anatomical study, macrophytes, aerenchyma, stomata, idioblasts

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ANALYSIS OF LOWLAND GRASSLAND FROM JEBEL LOCALITY (TIMIŞ COUNTY) – CASE STUDY pag. 430-436

KIŞ Şerban, SĂRĂŢEANU Veronica

Permanent grasslands were defined in the past as natural vegetation formations, but this framing was improper because in the temperate area, as is the case of our country, grassland represents mostly secondary vegetation formations. Most of the temperate grasslands appeared after the cutting of the forest and shrub-land, respectively due to the human influence and its activities. Thus the most proper term for the grasslands from the temperate area is permanent grassland. Knowledge of the permanent grassland flora and vegetation is a very important condition having in view the obtaining of the best results after the application of the maintenance and improvement works and exploitation. In the permanent grasslands are found plant species belonging to different botanical families. They are very different considering their biological features, demands for the environmental factors, economical value etc. This great diversity is determined by the different soil and climate conditions from our country, but also by the maintenance and use intensity. The species that are found in a vegetation cover doesn’t represent a random agglomeration of plant species. They represent functional units for the accumulation and transformation of the solar energy, respectively grassland ecosystems. Thus, they have distinct features, but in the same time are under direct and continuous influence of the internal factors (autogenous), ecological factors (alogenous) and the maintenance and exploitation system (anthropogenous), all those factors determining the floristic composition of the grassland. One of the most important roles of the grassland was to provide the necessary feed to the herbivores. The oldest and the most economic feed is the one obtained from natural grasslands respectively by grazing, when the animal is grazing, the humans only guarding the animals and applying minimal maintenance works. Natural grasslands from our country are very important, due to their surface, productivity and biodiversity, and due to their functions for the economy and environment. The importance of the paper topic is given by the fact that grasslands represent a natural resource of feed for the domestic herbivores, being very important for the farmers. The purpose of the work was to evaluate a grassland vegetation cover from the communal pasture of the locality Jebel from Timiş County to evaluate its condition. The researches had in view the analysis of several vegetation features as it follows: floristic composition, life-form specter, geographical elements specter, and ecological specters for temperature, moisture and soil pH.

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lowland grassland, floristic composition, life-form specter, geographical elements specter and ecological specters.

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GRASSLAND VEGETATION FROM THE MARGINAL AREA OF TIMIŞOARA (TIMIŞ COUNTY) – CASE STUDY pag. 437-443

NICU Ilie Radu, SĂRĂŢEANU Veronica

Biodiversity analysed in global system represents the variety of the living beings species that populate the biosphere. The structure of a biocoenose is given by the spatial distribution of the individuals and the spatial and temporal relationships set among them. In the analysis of the structure of a biocoenose are used a series of quantitative indicators that allow us to asses more precisely the contribution and role of every species in the biocoenose and in the realisation of the biomass production. In this way, by an abstract approach there are used practical applications and measurements that help to quantify the biodiversity relative values. These methods are useful for the setting of the measures for protection of the species or species communities. Many researchers have demonstrated the relationship between the fertility of the soil and the specific diversity of a vegetation community, respectively the changes at the level of fertility determinate changes in the biomass production and respectively on the species number from the affected community. The importance of the paper topic is given by the fact that in our country grasslands have the greatest species number from all the terrestrial ecosystems. Thus, grasslands represent an important source of feed for the cattle and a biodiversity reservoir. Their quality is very important, they being highly valuable from economic and ecologic point of view. The purpose of the work is to characterize grassland from the marginal area of Timişoara (Timiş County) to diagnose its condition. For the vegetation analysis there was realised the floristic inventory. The researches had in view the analysis of the following vegetation features: floristic composition and several ecological specters (life-form, bio-geographical elements, temperature, moisture and soil pH). The data have been collected from grassland from the margin of the town Timişoara along the road to the locality Becicherecul Mic, the data being collected during June 2018. The vegetation cover has mosaic like aspect formed from mesophytic and halophytic patches of vegetation. During the rainy years the halophytic vegetation is expressing less due the leaching of the salts.

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grassland, spectre, vegetation, life-form, bio-geographical elements, temperature, moisture and soil pH

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LOTUS BLOSSOM TECHNIQUE – INTERACTIVE GROUP TEACHING-LEARNING METHOD pag. 444-448

Codruţa GAVRILĂ, Cristina TULBURE

The amount and quality of the knowledge and skills acquired by students largely depend on the teacher’s professionalism, competencies and love for teaching. In the current context of training and educational activities, teachers must ask themselves some questions in order to be able to build flexible strategies for adapting to the requirements of their classes. In this context, Lotus Blossom Technique is an interactive group method that ensures success in teaching-learning-assessing. This technique stimulates students to get actively involved in carrying out their tasks; it ensures that the students put their knowledge into practice adequately in various contexts and situations; it helps students make use of their creativity and originality, as well as practice their analysis and decision-making skills at the right moment, determining all students to find solutions for different learning situations.

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Lotus Blossom Technique, interactive learning method/technique, training and educational activity, teaching-learning-assessing.

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THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL LANDMARKS REGARDING ACTIVE METHODS AND INTERACTIVE TECHNIQUES IN TEACHING pag. 449-455

Codruţa GAVRILĂ, Cristina TULBURE

Modern pedagogy promotes thinking, intelligence, creativity, imagination, as well as the students’ action in order to better adapt as future adults. All these values are made clear in the teaching activity through interactive methods and techniques, which are means used by teachers for supporting students in their learning activity. These ensure active participation of students within the group, determining them to practice their decision-making skills and initiative, thus promoting teamwork, an interaction based on communication, cooperation, discovery of one’s own capacities and limits. The interaction between students and their teacher develops multiple intelligences, such as the linguistic one, the logical-mathematical one, the spatial one, the intrapersonal one, the interpersonal one, etc; it motivates students to learn; it allows division of tasks and distribution of responsibilities, shortening the time for finding solutions to problems; it offers the possibility to share ideas, opinions, beliefs; its effect is acceptance of others.

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interactive methods and techniques, active involvement, teamwork, interaction

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ASPECTS OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING ACHIEVED DURING THE PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE STAGE pag. 456-459

Viorica BOACĂ, Iasmina Cecilia SAVESCU

Experiential learning has been the object of numerous studies over the course of time. One of the fundamental ideas that lay the foundations for this concept consists in the idea that experiencing new situations and transferring the knowledge thus obtained to new learning situations is a more efficient learning method than receiving information or applying information in artificial settings. One important particularity of experiential learning achieved during the pedagogical practice stage consists in the fact that it takes place exactly in the professional field where the future graduates are going to work. In this respect, the present paper describes an example of the use of the experiential strategy by students enrolled in the psycho-pedagogical module who make their pedagogical practice in a placement school.

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experiential learning, pedagogical practice, placement school, experiential strategy

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METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING AMONG STUDENTS OF THE AGRONOMICAL HIGHER EDUCATION pag. 460-465

Viorica BOACĂ, Iasmina Cecilia SAVESCU

Without critical thinking, students make no headway in developing their cognitive skills of higher order and the non-cognitive ones, such as: teamwork skills, communication and negotiation skills, etc. Starting from this idea, the present paper describes a few methods for developing critical thinking among students of the agronomical higher education.

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critical thinking, teaching strategy, teaching method

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ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL MOTIVATION IN THE FIRST YEAR OF HIGHER EDUCATION pag. 466-469

I.C. SAVESCU, V. BOACĂ

The research study aims to investigate the categories of basic needs underlying the professional motivation of the students enrolled in the first year of study. The study was conducted on a batch of 75 first year students from an agronomic faculty. From the methodological point of view, the questionnaire survey was used, using a 35-question questionnaire as a tool. The results have been grouped into five categories of fundamental needs: physiological, security, affiliation and group needs, devotion and status needs, and self-reliance needs. The conclusions have revealed that in choosing the profession the students are oriented mainly according to the need for self-reliance, but also according to the need for respect and status. The study provides openings for further research into career counseling and motivation in professional work.

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Key words: professional motivation, higher education, fundamental needs

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CORMOPHYTES DIVERSITY IN A FOREST NEAR THE VILLAGE MĂNĂSTIRE (BIRDA, TIMIȘ DEPT.) pag. 470-479

POPA, D., IMBREA, I., ARSENE, G.-G., NEACȘU A.-G.

We present a conspectus of the cormophytes flora from the forest of the village Mănăstire (Birda commune, Timiș county), the description and our observations on the main species (trees and shrubs like: Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Acer campestre L., Acer tataricum L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Cornus sanguinea L., Rosa canina L.) and on the species of conservative importance, Fritillaria meleagris L., which we found here. Due to the small size of the habitat, the easily accessible area and the not informing people about the status of the species, its population is threatened with extinction. In the past, in this forest we also met Galanthus nivalis L., species of community interest, according to the Law 49/2011. The species unfortunately, today disappeared due to the same factors. The presence of the forests in this area, was also reported by Francesco Griselini (in the 17th century), this patch of forest of about 200 hectares being among the few surfaces that were not cut. Our data provides informations from a new location of the protected species Fritillaria meleagris L. and from the overall biodiversity. The conservation status of this species habitat is assessing as unfavorable, the main causes being the inappropriate management and the anthropic pressures. We note that this article contains the data from the bachelor's work titled "The Biodiversity of the Flora in the Mănăstire Forest (Birda Commune)" (Popa, 2018).

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cormophytes flora, Fritillaria meleagris, conservation, forest, Mănăstire, Birda

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THRIPS ON OAT IN WESTERN ROMANIA pag. 480-484

Florin PARNEA, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU1*, Ioana GROZEA1

The oat crop in western Romania has begun to occupy increasingly large areas, as the fertile soil in this area along with a modern, properly applied technology has allowed farmers to obtain high yields. Thus, in order to develop an adequate pest control strategy for oat crops, it is necessary to understand the particularities related to phenology, distribution and life cycle of major pests of this crop. Among insects present in oat crops, thrips are between those that cause significant yields losses. Regarding biology, ecology, and control of thrips, a significant number of works have been published so far, but the changing climate conditions with arid tendencies make this knowledge to be far from satisfied. In Romania, research on this group of insects were numerous, being localized mainly on the species present in economically important cereal crops. In this context, the authors have recently conducted a series of research on the taxonomy of thrips species present in this crop. The aims of this paper is to highlight the most important species of thrips present in oat crops in western Romania, comparing wintering behavior, distribution and abundance of thrips species collected from 3 oat varieties. The experimental plots were placed in the western part of Romania, near the village of Sag, the experience being carried out during 2018. Monitoring of thrips species in oat crop was made using colored sticky traps, and also using the sweep netting method. In May traps were installed in the field, for each experimental variant using a total of three traps. The oat plants were sampled from growth stage (BBCH) 50 to 89. In the investigated period, 265 specimens were collected from the oat crop, belonging to 8 species of thrips. In each experimental variant Limothrips cerealium Holiday and Limothrips denticornis Holiday were the dominant species. Haplothrips aculeatus Fabricius and Frankliniella tenuicornis Uzel also occurred in great number on oat plants. Even if they do not cause major yields losses to oat crops: Thrips angusticeps Uzel, Stenothrips graminum Uzel, Frankliniella tritici Fitch and Anaphothrips obscures Müller are present every year in the experimental field.

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thrips species, yield loss, oat, western Romania

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MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE INVOLVED POPULATION AND STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN ROMANIA pag. 485-488

Loredana GHERASIMESCU1, Stefan BĂTRÎNA1, Laura SMULEAC, Florin IMBREA1

In any economic activity, where factors of different kinds are involved, production processes are organized and carried out, human work takes place, etc., the presence of management is absolutely necessary. Ideally this should also be applied to agriculture. Considering the economic and social role of agriculture, its contribution to environmental protection, its impact on the life of communities, the use of managerial knowledge of agricultural holdings is part of the natural logic of things. To fulfill such a role and respond to various requirements implies, among other things, that management science will be applied taking into account the natural, material and social conditions and limitations that exist in agriculture. The present paper presents an analysis of the distribution of the farmers according to the cultivated and virgin areas, which allows us to draw conclusions about the total improper dispersion of the agricultural performance of the farmers in our country. On the one hand, this data confirms the absolutely imperative need to implement modern management policies and methods within agricultural holdings, and on the other hand it shows the extreme difficulty of implementing this desideratum.As a result, there can be no discussion about managerial and economic performance in the absence of the means by which the producer can intervene to remove (corrective decisions), at least to a certain extent, the unfavorable influence of natural factors

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agricultural system, management analysis, crop structure

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