Rjas

Vol 45, No 2 (2013)

COVER pag. 1

USAMB USAMVB

Research Journal of Agricultural Science

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STUDY REGARDING GROUNWATER QUALITY IN THE ARANCA RIVER BASIN DURING 2008-2009 PERIOD pag. 3-8

N. BĂGHINĂ, Antoanela COZMA, Ariana VELCIOV, Lia MICULA, G. BUJANCA

The study presents the quality of groundwater in the Aranca Basin during the 2008-2009,achieved through the hydro geological drillings I, II for the freatic layer pollution and through deepdrilling. The water samples were collected according to the monitoring program. The Aranca riverBasin is located in the north-western part of the Banat hydrographic area.This area is occupied by fieldsthat represent the maximum development of the western part of the Romanian territory also the South-eastern sector of Pannonian basin. From the point of view of the freatic aquifer, it presents itself as ahorizon in the lowlands low down to depths of about 30-40 m. In the North of the low plain on theMureş–Bega Veche, Mureş–Aranca, underground stream has the direction NE – SV, with a slighttendency for drainage Aranca – Bega Veche. The drainage basin includes two bodies of groundwateraquifer GWBA 01 LOVRIN-VINGA and GWMU 20, split with ABA Mures.In the groundwater aquiferquality characterization and establishment of critical areas, has been taken into account the comparing ofthe indicators values with the admitted limits of Law 311/2004 (amending and completing Law No.458/2002 on the quality of drinking water).Starting in 2009, with the transposition of the EuropeanDirective 2006\/118\/EC into national law by Decision No. 53\/2009 for the approval of the national planfor the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration, groundwater is assessed from thepoint of view of quality, being two ways of framing: good or poor chemical status. The main criterion inassessing quality is considering the number of drillings in which recorded overrun of the parameters. If itis more than 20% of the total of drillings, then the source of groundwater is considered in poor chemicalstatus. An essential criterion in the assessment of the chemical status of groundwater is the establishmentof the limit values. For their determination for each groundwater source in part we had in view the originof pollutants, that they may be naturally present in groundwater, the tendency of dispersion and degree oftoxicity. The values can be found in the order 137\/2009 on approval of the limit values for groundwatersources in Romania.

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groundwater, river basin, water quality, drilling, monitoring program

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THE NEED OF TECHNICAL RULES CONCERNING ENVIRONMENT AND ESPECIALLY SOIL PROTECTION COMPLIANCE, WHEN SEWAGE SLUDGE IS USED IN AGRICULTURE pag. 9-15

N. BĂGHINĂ, Isidora RADULOV, Adina BERBECEA, AL. MOISUC, C. STROIA

Two dominant parameters are characterizing human society at the present stage ofdevelopment: the rapid growth of world population, increasing food production requiring and advancedstate of pollution and environmental damage, requiring increased attention to the quality of investment inkind. Agriculture has gradually become a complex task that is and will remain the safest and mostappropriate means of food production for mankind, being real support of human biological existence,being an important source of raw materials for various industries producing of consumer goods.Imbalance between man and the environment, causes serious and irreversible ecologicalimplications. Environmental problems have various aspects and with the development of society, need tobe addressed with priority. One such problem is the residues from municipal wastewater treatment. Thereare multiple concerns for the elimination of these residues in the environment, without negativeimplications upon environment. The recycling of sludge through land acquired a major interest for manyresearchers, communities, local governments and not least for farmers. Wastewater treatment is bydefinition an activity in support of environmental protection, ensuring retention of pollutants in the formof sludge. To bring wastewater to the level of environmental activity it should be coupled with action forrecovery / containment sludge from the process. For the specific case of sludge from wastewatertreatment, their reintegration into the circuit is achievable in several ways, one of the most practicalincluding application on agricultural land with the following advantages: recovery of large amounts ofplant nutrients (humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, microelements etc.), decrease of mineralfertilizer quantities required to maintain high levels of agricultural production. Use of sewage sludgedetermines increase soil capacity to mineralize organic matter from wastewater and remediates physical,chemical and biological soil features. Expanding range of fertilizing resources through the use of otherorganic residues outside traditional scientific substances imposed knowledge of the chemical,microbiological and agronomic conditions of their use to avoid negative effects on the environment andconsequently on soil resources Sewage sludge manufacturers must provide user with regular informationon the availability of sludge and sludge characteristics according to the following indicators: pH, totalorganic carbon, dry matter, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, cadmium, cromium, copper, mercury,nickel, lead, zinc content.

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sewage sludge, environment protection, soil, fertilizers

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STUDY THE POSSIBILITY OF SOLID FLOW VOLUME REDUCTION IN A HYDROGRAPHICAL BASIN pag. 16-25

Erika BEILICCI, Robert BEILICCI

In general, the effects of solid flow on hydrographical basin can be divided into positive andnegative, negative ones with the highest weight. The most important adverse effects of solid flow from theagricultural point of view are: changing or diminishing physical and chemical properties of soils;agricultural production decreased in proportion to worsening soil properties, increased droughts byreducing water retention on slopes and quantitative growth of surface runoff; temporary or permanentremoval from agricultural circuit of large areas of land affected by erosion and other degradationprocesses; difficulties in the operation of irrigation and drainage systems due to clogging of channels andpipe network. environment pollution because through erosion on slopes much of the chemical fertilizersused in agriculture are wash and accumulate in low areas or entering into groundwater and surfacewaters; increased occurrence of flash floods, favoring the occurrence of landslides. Soil erosion is anatural phenomenon that cannot be stopped completely, but controlled by a series of structural and non-structural measures, this paper aims to explore the possibilities of reducing the volume of solid flow froma hydrographical basin. By arranging ravines and torrents seeking to enforce a set of measures forregulating runoff on slopes and drainage network, in order to restore the whole area of catchment toeconomic use and erosion control categories, to remove the damage caused by floods. Currently, no yetexist a mathematical model of soil hydric erosion approaching as much by physical phenomenon of sloperunoff and solid particles entrainment by water currents, upon which to realize the fundamental physicalhydrological model of hydrographical basin. In this paper, for solid flow modeling in a catchment, is usedthe WEPP program. Based on the obtained results was analyzed the efficiency of solid flow controlworks, particularly for the cross dam with small height.

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hydrographical basin, soil erosion, solid flow, control.

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HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OFF IRRIGATION CHANNEL CLOSURE (ADDUCTION I) IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM “FANTANELE-SAG” ON THE OVERLAPPING PORTION WITH INVESTMENTS “BUTTERFLY PARK & GOLF” pag. 26-32

Erika BEILICCI, Robert BEILICCI

Golf and recreation base "Butterfly Park Golf course" is partially & overlaid with irrigationsystem "Fântânele-Sag," situated in Arad County, Romania, in the Mures plain, South of the Mures River,and is administered ANIF - territorial branch West. Realization of investment requires intubationirrigation channel "Adduction I" (the main channel), which overlaps with the investment location. Thisrequires a hydraulic calculation to ensure complex irrigation system operation "Fântânele - Sag". In lessthan three years, the village of Fântânele will become a magnet for lovers of golf in Europe. The"Bellavista Golf Villas & Resort LLC" presents an impressive investment project which includes a golfcourse with 18 holes, a five-star hotel, a clubhouse and a residential complex of 50 villas with swimmingpool. The future of golf course will cover 56 acres of recreation will respectively occupy 72 hectares andwill have the shape of a butterfly. The future of golf will cover 56 hectares, but complex agreement"Butterfly Park" will occupy 73 hectares and will have a butterfly. The main feature of the project isrespect for green space, not less than 350,000 square meters will be allocated to private green spaces and150,000 square meters of public green spaces. Project golf course aims to achieve two ambitious goals,building a modern field, using cutting edge materials and technologies and respecting the environment.The complex will also landscaped parks with fitness, markets, postal services, a pharmacy, a home, aprimary school, church, basketball, tennis and football. Based on these theoretical foundations analyticalcalculations were performed for different variants of the proposed pipeline and the existing channel Ad I.Large roughness of corrugated steel pipes under study, which are higher than the roughness of existingchannel, leading to low water transport capacities for long lines or large sections of the pipeline. Thesepipes are well suited for culverts or undercrossing on short lengths. The study results need to piperoughness uses small (smaller than existing channel) presented version including polyethylene pipes.There are other similar types of polyethylene pipe roughness such as prestressed concrete pipes(PREMO), tubes of fiberglass reinforced polyester (PASFIN) or ductile iron pipe.

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hydraulic calculation, irrigation channel closure, irrigation systems.

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SOIL MECHANICS pag. 33-38

R. BERTICI, Gh. ROGOBETE, Adia GROZAV, Laura SMULEAC

Mechanical behavior covers strength, shear strain, resistance to shearing, shrinking, swelling,compaction, volumetric compressibility, deformation, permeability and seepage of water. The clay isstronger than the sand because it can sustain larger suctions: otherwise their behavior is fundamentallythe same. The solid phase interacts whit the fluids which permeate soil pores. Models are best expressedin the concise and terse language of mathematics. Theories for soil mechanics originated around themiddle of the eighteenth century. The theories of soil mechanics apply equally to sands and clays. Soilmechanics can be divided in two branches: mechanical properties and rheological properties. Thescientific considerations relied on a lot of field and laboratory geotechnical studies effectuated in Banatregion. Because water is relatively incompressible, volume changes in soil can occur only if water canflow or out from the pore spaces. If soil is loaded undrained the resulting pore pressures will not be inequilibrium with the long – term, groundwater pressures. As the excess pore pressures dissipate underconstant total stress there will be change of effective stress and volume changes. This process is known asconsolidation. Swelling or shrinking accompanying soil water content change results in verticaldisplacement of the wet soil, which involves gravitational work and contributes an overburden componentto the total potential of the soil water. For a better recognition of vertic and pelic horizons, it can be usedthe next index values: u L – free swelling (vertic horizon: >140%, pelic horizon: 100 - 140%); I p –plasticity index (vertic horizon: >35%, pelic horizon: 25 - 35%), I A – activity index (vertic horizon: >1.25%pelic horizon: 1.0 - 1.25%). The simple theories presented above form the basis for analysis anddesign of engineering works. It must be determined some properties and index as: compressibilitymechanical properties, rheological properties (strength, shearing strength, penetration resistance,permeability, plasticity, consistency, plastic deformation, shear stress consolidation).

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compressibility, strength, compaction, consistence, soil

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MINIMUM CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR LUNCA POGANISULUI PROTECTED AREA pag. 39-43

Cristian BOSTAN, Florian BORLEA, Alma NICOLIN, Ioan BĂNĂȚEAN-DUNEA, Adina HORABLAGA, Adina HORABLAGA, Ionel SAMFIRA

The anthropic activities together with the demographic growth and the overexploitation of thenatural resources represent the most important way of the biodiversity degradation, leading to theextinction of a large numbers of species. The main causes that lead to loss of the biodiversity aredetermined by the fragmentation, degradation and destruction of habitats, pollution, global climatechanges, overexploitation, invasive species and diseases. Under these circumstances, the application ofsome measures for the biodiversity conservation becomes necessary and also an essential condition forlife maintaining on Earth. Due to its geographical position, Romania has a rich and unique biodiversityboth at the genetic level and at the ecosystems and species level. Lunca Pogănişului protected area, withan area of 75.5 hectares, is located in the west of Romania, in center of the Banat Region, at the limit ofSacoşu Turcesc and Tormac villages, with coordinates 45° 35 'N and respectively 21° 30' E. The mainaim of the establishment of the 2736 Lunca Pogănişului protected natural area is to conserve the habitatsand the species with national and community interest, declared under Directive 92/43/EEC on theconservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora. Lunca Pogănişului was declared a naturereserve, the objective of this reservation is the protection of variegated tulip species (Fritillariameleagris), Mediterranean species of the Lily Family. The anthropic influence caused by: grazing,agriculture, chemical treatments, collection of biological material, illegal cutting of colorful tulips andwoody vegetation, illegal storing of waste, presents a negative inflluence on the natural development ofthe protected ecosystems on the area surface. The destruction of the habitats and species from the LuncaPoganisului national interest protected area requires the implementation of some conservation measures.Local population know a few things about the status of the protected area, a lot of local people don’teven know of the existence of the protected natural area. The aim of this paper is to propose a minimumset of conservation measures for 2736 Lunca Poganisului national interest protected area, measures thatlead to a better long-term conservation of the species and habitats present in the area.

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conservation measures; natural area; Lunca Poganisului;Fritillaria meleagris

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RESEARCH REGARDING SURFACE AND DEPTH GROUND WATERQUALITY FROM BEGA-TIMIŞ RIVER BASIN, IN 2008-2009 PERIOD pag. 44-51

ANTOANELA COZMA, RIANA VELCIOV, V. D. MIRCOV, MIHAELA PETCU, N. BĂGHINĂ

The contaminations problem of surface and depth groundwater sources with various chemicalsubstances in the Banat Basin Area represents a topical issue of large actuality.The importance that isgiven to the monitoring of groundwater quality is derived from large share that usefull water from theHydrographic Basin Bega-Timis are feeds from these sources. In the centralized water supply systems,the total water requirement for the population needs provided from medium and deep drillings, isrequired to ensure a good chemical status so for the benefit of human health and also for theenvironmental quality in general. This paper has in view the quality of groundwater in the year 2008,2009 from I, II hydrogeological drillings also from the freatic layer pollution. and through deep drillingsituated in the Bega-Timis River Basin. The samples frequency from drillings have done according to themonitoring program collection made in periods of high rainfall in spring and drought period(summer-autumn). The analysised colected samples was done in to the Water Quality Timişoara Laboratory fromthe Banat Basine Waters Administration being determined the physical-chemical indicators of the Ionicbalance and the specific pollution indicators of that area: temperature, pH, conductivity, fixed residue,CCO-Mn, Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cl - , SO 42- , PO 43- , HCO 3- , NO 2- , NO 3- , NH 4+ , phenols andother indicators as HG 351/2005 (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni). The quality of groundwater aquifer characterizationand establishment of critical areas, has in view the comparison of determined indicators values with themaximum admitted limits of Law 311/2004 (amending and completing Law No. 458/2002 on the qualityof drinking water). The evolution of groundwater quality from Bega-Timis River Basin is positive for theanalised period, the most executed drillings in to aquifer freatic layer shows an improvement of thephysical-chemical indicators, even are registered local speed at least one indicator of water qualitycharacterization. The water quality into the deep aquifer layer, we can conclude that this source of watermaintains good chemical status.

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surface water, depth water, hydrogeological drillings, physical-chemical indicators, the maximum admited limits

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MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AND FARM CONCENTRATION IN HUNGARY pag. 52-60

R. CZIMBALMOS, Györgyi KOVÁCS, A. FEHÉR

In Hungary the concentration of land areas took place between 2005 and 2009 in such a waythat the arable land used by farms of less than 50 hectares declined, while that of larger farms increased.This process was more intensive in private farms. This was equivalent to the loss of 122 000 jobs inagricultural enterprises. In the European Union there was a reduction of 1 658 million Annual Work Unit(12.4%) in those employed in agriculture, between 2003 and 2007. This reduction was 9% in the EU-15countries. In Hungary the decrease was 21% in terms of AWU per 100 hectares of agricultural land. ThisHungarian process may be exacerbated by supports granted for the purchase of machinery aimed atimproving competitiveness, since these payment schemes back up the endeavours of farmers to carry outall farm operations with their own machinery. They then need to utilise this increased capacity, but areunable to do so as other farmers also prefer to make their own investments. This unexploited machinecapacity tends to influence both increases in farm size and, partly due to the latter and partly to thereplacement of live labour, reductions in the number of employees. The proportion of payments made toaid machinery investments for conventional agricultural activities amounted to 13.2% of the resourcesavailable in the Hungarian national rural development programme between 2004 and 2006. During the2007–2013 period 17.7% has been earmarked for this purpose. In order to discover farmer’s motivationand reaction, our survey was carried out in 2008 involving 104 farmers in settlements belonging to threeLEADER action groups located in Heves and Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok counties. On the surveyed farmsthere was a very modest proportion of market-driven, non-agricultural activities ensuring employment.The only really decisive elements of agricultural multifunctionality are heavily supported, non-market-driven activities and functions. Farmers intending to diversify did not consider diversification as a meansof creating jobs for other people. Despite the tensions in their micro-regions due to unemployment, theneed to introduce flexible forms of employment came near the bottom of their list of priorities. Inresponse to another question, they clearly regard this as a task for the central government, and do notfeel that they have any substantial role to play.

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AWU, farm concentration, diversification, agricultural employees, farmers motivation, GIS interpretation.

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RESEARCH ON STOPPING THE TREND OF DESERTIFICATION IN SOUTHWESTERN ROMANIA (VINGA PLAIN) pag. 61-70

D. DICU, D. ŢĂRĂU, Silvica ONCIA, A. ŢĂRĂU, Alexandra CÂMPEAN

The purpose of research is accumulating scientific data on physical, hydro-physical andchemical characteristics of soil, necessary to support scientific and technical measures to stop the trendof desertification, through a complex firm approach of physical-geographical conditions from VingaPlain. Between soil characteristics and main cultivated or spontaneous species, it can be establishrelationships of a diverse and complex reciprocity. The soil characteristics can influence the developmentof the root system, mineral nutrition, providing aero-hydric and thermal regime needed to carry the mainphysiological processes and the plants can influence directly and indirectly the state of soil fertility.Research on the main physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were taken by many scientists inthe country and abroad, since the beginning of last century, and the German classification system hasbeen developed mainly based on soil texture in the so-called stages of its evolution. As part of the soil, theclay plays an important role in the relations established between certain physical and chemicalproperties of the soil and between them and the activities of organisms that inhabit it. Knowing thesefeatures of soil has a great theoretical and practical importance. Theoretical, because the specialist caninterpret the phenomena that occur in soil and predict soil evolution in particular and environmentevolution in the general and practical because it warns the practitioner on the measures that must betaken to bring land under optimal conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants. Thedesertification trends are summarized but detailed presented, first being with the natural causes (climaticand edaphic conditions in terms of risk phenomena) and then the anthropic causes (deforestation,inappropriate agricultural practices, industrial pollution). The main indicators of desertification,according with UNCCD, are represented by increased solar radiation intensity, changing of theappearance characteristics of flora and fauna species adapted to desert conditions, perennial vegetationreduced below 5% and its concentration along the river system, soil erosion and loss of productioncapacity, drastic reduction of surface water and groundwater. The directions to reduce the effects ofdrought in the short, medium and long terms are the protection and conservation of existing waterresources and building new water reservoirs, protection and soil conservation, protection andpreservation of ecosystems, sustainable development of agriculture and forestry, public participation inthe implementation of drought mitigation measures.

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biodiversity, cooperation, cohesion, sustainability, monitoring

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EVOLUTION OF HYDRO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A ALBIC LUVISOL FROM DUMBRAVA, TIMIS COUNTY pag. 71-78

D. DICU, D. ŢĂRĂU, R. BERTICI, A. ŢĂRĂU, Aurelia PURDA, Liliana BREI

Research goal is to accumulate scientific data on development of components of agriculturalland productivity, necessary to support of an methodology of their quality evaluation through a complexfirm approach to physical and geographical conditions from Banat Plain. Research on the main physicaland chemical characteristics of soil have been taken by many scientists, in the country and abroad, sincethe beginning of last century and the German classification system was designed mainly based on soiltexture in the so-called phase of its evolution. The objectives and activities fall within the currentagricultural research and agricultural practice, on international and national level, for the study of theimportance of hydro-physical characteristics of the edaphic coating in substantiation of tillage systems.As part of the soil, clay plays a role in the relations established between certain physical and chemicalproperties of soil and between them and the activities of organisms that inhabit it. The physical andchemical properties of soil samples (texture, pH, content of humus and N,P,K), were analyzed inUSAMVB-OSPA Timisoara Research Laboratory, after national norms and standards approved by theStandards Association from Romania (ASRO). The research of the ecopedologic conditions was madeaccording to “The methodology of elaborating of pedological studies”, vol. I, II and III elaborated by theICPA Bucharest in 1987, completed with specific elements from the Romanian System of Taxonomy ofSoils (SRSTS-2012). Knowledge of these features of the soil have of special theoretical and practicalimportance. Theoretical, it provides to specialist the possibility to interpret the phenomena that occur insoil and to predict soil evolution in particular and the environment in general, in terms of present andfuture health, and practical because warns the physician as what measures should be taken to bring thesoil in optimal conditions for growth and development of plants cultivated or wild. Importance,originality and timeliness of work is the need to protect the edaphic layer and environmental protectionby: The accumulation of scientific data necessary to support technologies of conservative tillage andsustainable management of soil and water resources, Implementation of conservative tillage andsustainale management of physical, geographical and edaphic conditions from Banat Plain.

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properties, soil, moisture, reserve, albic,

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THE INFLUENCE OF SOME NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER RATES ON OILSEED WINTER RAPE YIELD AND SOME QUALITY INDICATORS ON A KASTANOZEM pag. 79-84

Ana Maria DODOCIOIU, Stefan POPESCU, Andreea Maria NICOLAE, Romulus MOCANU, Marian DOBRE

Within 2008-2011 period there have been carried out experiments on typical kastanezem fromCentral Norther Plateau of Dobrogea with oilseed winter rape crop including two experimental factors:-the A factor, the potassium fertilizer rate with two graduations: a1=K 0 ; a2=K 50 ; a3=K 110 ;- the B factor,the nitrogen fertilizer rate with five graduations: b1 = N 0 ; b2 = N 16 ; b3 = N 50 ; b4 = N 100 ; b5 = N 150. Fromthe combination of these two factors there resulted 15 variants. The yields obtained, on average, duringthree years of experimentation (2008-2011) have indicated the fact that the oilseed winter rape recordedvery good feedback to nitrogen fertilization and the applying of potassium strenghtened the nitrogeninfluence by helping developing a good root system that capitalise the nitrogen much better. This way, onK 100 fertilizer background the yield outputs have been statistically proven with N 100 (1,362 kg/ha),respectivelly, N 150 (1,875 kg/ha), the yield increase being of 37.59%. The applying of potassium hasdetermined significant outputs of the oil content of the yield per hectare with K 100 , this increase being of24.03%. It has increased from 40.75% with K0 to 42.01% with K100. The nitrogen has negativelyinfluenced the oil content, it decreased from 42.71% to 40.75%. The highest value of the hectolitricalmass and the mass of a thousand grains have been reported with K 100 N 150 rate (67.41 kg/hl and,respectivelly, 3.62 g). The applying of a high rate of potassium (K 100 ), on average during three years ofexperimentation has decreased the protein content from 23.62% to 22.88%, yet the differentiatedapplying of nitrogen (N 100 -N 150 ) has determined the increase of this parameter from 21.78% to 25.37%.This way, on K 50 and K100 fertilizer background the protein content has increased as compared withthe control treatment without nitrogen by 1.06 – 16.47% and, respectively, by 0.88 – 14.74%.Statistically, there were recorded differences when 50 and 100 kg N/ha were applied.

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oilseed rape, kastanozem, potassium, nitrogen, protein content oil content

Presentation: oral

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METHODS FOR MITIGATION THE NUTRIENT LOSSES ON SLOPE SOILS pag. 85-89

Ana Maria DODOCIOIU, Andreea Maria Nicolae, Stefan Popescu, Romulus MOCANU, Marian DOBRE

On slopes soils there take place important nutrient losses that inflict pollution of surfacewaters. The most lost nutrient is nitrogen yet the phosphorus from soluble fertilizers is also lost. Thesenutrients reach into surface waters where determine eutrophication phenomenon. In order to implementthe objectives of Water Frame Directive 2000/60/CE there have been searched methods for mitigation thenutrient pollution from slope soils. These methods are: - the using of organic – mineral fertilizers (L120)instead of soluble phosphorus fertilizers (superphosphates); - buffer strips at the bottom of the slope;-filtering materials for water from creeks. The applying of these methods have contributed to the reductionof the nutrient losses (nitrogen and phosphorus) from slope soils with values ranging between 38-41% byapplying organic – mineral fertilizer and by 52-64% when buffer strips were installed. The using of strawballots as filtering materials for creek water has determined the reduction of nutrient losses by 72%. Thisway, the using of organic – mineral fertilizer on lignite base (L-120) has determined the diminishing ofphosphorus losses on slope soils due to bonding phosphorus from this fertilizer in an organic – mineralmatrix that speeds up the retrogradation and solubilisation processes of phosphorus. The using of grassbuffer strips of 10 m wide on level curves at the bottom of the slope along Preajba creek has determinedan obvious decreasing of the eroded soil quantity, of humus and nutrient losses due to better retention byroot system and its higher density. Straw ballots across the course of a creek are a good filter for runningwaters. The straw action is similar with soil colloidal complex, they retain chemical ions from water like:NO3, NH4, K, PO4, etc. By using straw ballots there can be avoided the eutrophication phenomenon ofthe surface waters. The using of crops like natural and sown pasture as well as cereals could be a methodto mitigate nutrient losses on slopes. Wide row crops should be avoided as much as possible.

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slope, nutrient losses, Water Frame Directive, nitrogen, phosphorus

Presentation: oral

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PEDOLOGICAL FACTORS AND ZONAL PARTICULARITIES OF TIMIŞ COUNTY pag. 90-97

Dan DOLOGA, Daniel DICU, Andrei ILIUȚĂ

Approached issues refer to a 869665 ha area of which 700477 ha of agricultural terrains.Vegetation growing conditions (with hard impact on terrain production), together with environmentalfactors soil characteristics, represent a majour component with multiple manifestations due not only to itsown proprieties but also to its depositing capacities for other environement factors influence. We brieflypresent physical and geographical characteristics of this zone , their edaphic cover structure andspecific features of each zone, respectively their favourability regarding main crops in natural oranthropically modified conditions. This paper presents main aspects refering to the zonal and microzonalcharacter of agriculture, definitory and decisive determinant factors of terrain productive capacity,present and potential ecologic favourability, dynamic character of yield as an expression of a certaindevelopment stage and of weather phenomena in the territory. As agroecosystems element, the soil mayfavour productivity through a range of defined specific properties, such as: quantity, quality, equilibriumof nutritive elements, thermic and hydric regime, mineralogic composition, etc. These factors cognitionpresent a considerable practical and theoretical importance. The soil types characterised and definedand identified within main fisical and geographical units of Timis County , constituted basic elementsin zones , microzones defining and the main areas agroeconomic. Areas of agroeconomic groupsadministrative and cadastral territories farms based on element similar on the sensitive: the conditions ofrelief, climate, soils, introduction of irrigation technique and equipment (inland communications, food,etc.), traditional agricultural activity, and also the profile of the territories considered in so far as itmeets the criteria on the achievement of a sustainable development perspective. The research of eco-pedological conditions, ordering and processingof dates was done in accordance with DevelopmentMethodology of Soil Studies (Vol I, II, III), developed by ICPA Bucharest in 1987 and the RomanianSystem of Soil Taxonomy (SRTS-2012).

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zonal, factor, agricultural, pedological, agroeconomic,

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LAND RESOURCES FROM HILLS AND MOUNTAINS TIMIŞ COUNTY pag. 98-103

Dan DOLOGA, Adrian ŢĂRĂU, Daniel DICU

The paper presents some aspects concerning the land resources in Tims county. The addressedissues is relating to an area of 253698 ha of which 148563 ha of agricultural land), located in westernRomania and representing a total of 28 cadastral territories. There are shortly presented the mainphysical-geographic units of the area referring also to the soil. The vegetal production obtained indifferent conditions: natural ecosystems, intensive and extensive crops, under the influence of somecosmic- atmospheric factors and conditions and telluric-edaphically conditions, conditions that havechanged in time and space due to human intervention. Some aspects regarding the generalecopedological conditions and the local particularities in defining the land resources, distribution of landuse categories in the main landforms from Hills and mountains in Timis county . The different aspectspresented in the paper are based on a large volume of data from the OSPA Timişoara archive. Thepedological and agrochemical information given in this paper are useful in choosing the most practicalmeasures for land using in agriculture and siviculture and also in other fields like: environmentprotection, health, rural development, etc. In the morphology of hills and mountainsTimis county we cansee distinct sectors: eastern sector, the highest, made of northern branches of Poiana Rusca Mountains;the central sector, consists of hills ( Lipovei, Fragulea, Silagiului, Sacosului); Thus, landscape featuresand climatic conditions have allowed the arable land to hold about 35,69% of the agricultural area, that20,90% of the hills and mountains Timis county of 253698 ha, being represented in the major landforms,with the following proportions: 87,00% in hills and 23,00% in mountains. According to the RomanianSystem of Soil Taxonomy (SRTS-2012) in the considered area were identified 6 classes, 12 types withseparation of 48 subtypes, and units of soil separating the numerous detail categories . The research ofeco-pedological conditions, ordering and processingof dates was done in accordance with DevelopmentMethodology of Soil Studies (Vol I, II, III), developed by ICPA Bucharest in 1987 and the RomanianSystem of Soil Taxonomy (SRTS-2012).

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resources, land, agricultural, pedological, ecologic,

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MUTUAL RADIO COMMUNICATION (BASE AND ROVER ROVER BASE) TYPE IN RTK GPS MEASUREMENTS pag. 104-110

Lucian Octavian DRAGOMIR

In this article, the authors present some of the new facilities offered by GPS technologyproducers in RTK (Real Time Kinematic) measurements. This facilities give to the users more flexibilityand implicit more efficiency in the field measurements. In the article, are presented especially thepractical consequences of the mutual radio communication facilities: rover–base and base-rover. In thisarticle, the authors present some of the new facilities offered by GPS technology producers in RTK (RealTime Kinematic) measurements. This facilities give to the users more flexibility and implicit moreefficiency in the field measurements. In the article, are presented especially the practical consequences ofthe mutual radio communication facilities: rover–base and base-rover. Specific RTK GPS measurementswith impressive efficiency. Thus, GPS users will not stay in the point which planimetric and altimetricdesired position than is strictly necessary time. Can be 10, 20 seconds or can be 2 or 3 minutes(depending on various factors among which we mention here: the type of receiver used (one or twofrequencies, the radio communication uni-directional or bi-directional, etc..) quality radio modems,mobile station distance (rover) GPS base (base) satellite configuration (including geometric) degree ofobstruction both in the base and the rover GPS receiver latency (that depends on the frequency ofcollection data, emission-transmission and reception of differential corrections) and not least the degreeof fixation / tracking (tracking) on the same satellites as the base station and rover station. Moderntechniques for rapid problem solving ambiguities (on the fly ambiguities Techniques) also allow time toobtain full position (tens of seconds) the stationary point accuracy indicators that can be improved byincreasing the retention time. Of course, RTK positioning accuracy measurements depends almostentirely on the accuracy and precision of determining the support network (its points serve as controlpoints for stays basis). In what follows, we start from the premise priori existence of a network to supportwell designed and well implemented in the measurements.Great GPS equipment manufacturers haveimplemented solutions bi-directional radio communication mainly due to the need for real-timesynchronization of base stations to the rover. The two receivers to simultaneously collect GPS data fromthe same sources specific space (same satellites) so that synchronization is vital to the whole process.Configuration of satellites received by the base radio is sent as a binary rover's list and it must "comply"and engage in terms of the same satellite signal received from that configuration.

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mutual radio communication, GPS mesurements

Presentation: oral

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MONITORING SURFACE BY GPS SURVEYING, 3D SCANNING, PRAID, HARGHITA pag. 111-117

Lucian Octavian DRAGOMIR, Mihai HERBEI, Nicolae Ion BABUC, Claudiu Daniel TOMA

2 SCANSTATION laser scanning system manufactured by Leica is a terrestrial scanningsystem, which is used mainly in static measurement that can be used in a wide range of topographyEngineering works such as: Documentations in civil engineering, construction management, industry(industrial sites - re / construction) monitoring in various fields of industry structures, undergroundconstructions (tunnels, galleries, etc.). Mines, Geology (eg stock analysis / volume); Documentation fortechnical installations (petrochemical, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants), architectural,archaeological, historical restoration situ-tion, monitoring disaster in virtual reality applications,technical documentation for the forensics, traffic accident reconstruction site, and so on, urban plans(2D, 3D); The instrument used to measure distances principle of measurement time (time of flight - TOF)principle for measuring angles oscillating mirror has a 360 ° scan field horizontally and vertically. Eachof these measurement methods may lead to technical problems required specialized designer and candeliver specific products (topographic), which provide design support for the modernization of mines andconstruction of art of this kind. The difference between these methods, I wish to emphasize in this work,consists of a series of related parameters:a. Network design features lift;b. Carrying out their field work;c.The number of points collected; d. Advantages and disadvantages of the three approaches; e. Accuracyof determining the topographical characteristic points of detail required; f. Easy to obtain specificproducts; Processing of measurements made with ScanStation 2 were performed with software producedby Leica Geosystems Cyclone v. exclusively dedicated processing and measurements made with thissystem scan. Processing for laser scanning in many ways involves assembling clouds of points obtainedin each point of the station, which coordinates in a local instrument. This operation is called registration.Registration on or georeferencing, when spoken by a single coordinate system (national in this case) isthe process of combining results from different positions of the laser scanner or transform these resultsinto a common coordinate system for the point cloud result after all scanning operations can be used todefine the object or area scanned in a single system. Name of work: "Monitoriarea surface by GPSsurveying, scanning, City mine, Harghita” Object of study: The aim of this project is to create a digitalmodel, three-dimensional terrain current through modern 3D scanning technology for time trackingmovements and settlements of land Aim: time tracking of movements of land mine salt mine village,county. Ground location: salt mine in the Black Mountains Gurghiului is contained in Salt Hill, Countymine.

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GPS, GeoReference, ScanStation 2, scaning system, cloud points, registration, 3D section, digital model

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CU AND CD TOLERANCE OF BARLEY AND WHITE MUSTARD: POTENTIAL INDICATORS OF WATER CONTAMINATION WITH THESE HEAVY METALS pag. 118-126

Sonja GVOZDENAC, Dušanka INĐIĆ, Slavica VUKOVIĆ, Vojislava BURSIĆ

Environmental pollution with heavy metals is one of the major current problems, because theiruncontrolled release has already led to accumulation in water and sediment. Some heavy metals areessential for plant development like Cu while others like Cd are not. However, both can cause phyto-toxiceffects when present at high levels in the environment. Maximal allowable amounts (MAC) according tovalid Directives are: in surface and underground waters of II and III class 5 μg/l Cu, 0.45-0.6 μg/l Cdand in irrigation water 100 μg/l Cu, 10 μg/l Cd. However, the content of Cu and Cd in watercoursesoften exceeds the abovementioned limits. Therefore, its detection in water is significant for water riskassessment, and the roll of plants as bioindicators is gaining in importance. The aim of this study was toevaluate the tolerance of barley (Horedum vulgare L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) to differentlevels of Cu and Cd in water, as potential bioindicators of water pollution with these heavy metals. Astandard filter paper method (ISTA Regulations book, 2011) was used. The toxic effects of Cu (0.025-100μg/l) and Cd (0.01- 200μg/l) were assessed on physiological (germination) and morphological (root andshoot length and fresh and dry weights) traits of test species. The results were processed with Duncan`smultiple range test. Plant responses to metals were species and concentration dependant. Cu and Cd didnot affect germination of barley seeds, regardless on concentration. However, Cu inhibited seedlings rootgrowth and fresh weight at 0.025 μg/l, dry weight, shoot growth and fresh shoot weight at 2 μg/l. Cdinhibited only root and shoot growth of barley seedlings at 100 μg/l. Germination of white mustard seedswas significantly reduced in treatments with 5 μg/l Cu and 1 μg/l Cd. Root growth was inhibited at 2, 50and 100 μg/l Cu, while the presence of 1 μg/l Cu in water significantly reduced fresh root weight. Cd at200 μg/l inhibited root length of white mustard seedlings, while shoot length was stimulated at >10 μg/lCd. Results indicate at barley and white mustard sensitivity towards Cu, when present in water inamounts lower than MACs. However, Cd in amounts lower than MACs had no effect on most of theobserved traits of tested plants.

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Cu, Cd, barely, white mustard, metal tolerance, bioindicators

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THE ANALYSIS OF CARTOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS USED IN ROMANIA pag. 127-136

M. HERBEI, Roxana HERBEI, L. DRAGOMIR, A. SMULEAC

Basic documents that are made according to measurements and topographic surveying for thepurpose of creating various projects are plans and topographic maps. Achieving these documents mustaccurately represent the earth's surface with its representative elements. These documents are made byusing cartographic projections that must be analyzed according to the quality of the representation inorder to obtain plans and maps with high accuracy and superior quality. Regarding the elements that canbe deformed within a projection, these are angles, distance or acres. Between the years 1855-1857, thefirst map of Wallachia was made (also known as "Satmari Map") using the scale 1:57 600. This mapcontains the historical provinces Wallachia and Oltenia, and it is the first map under the name ofRomania. After the First World War, due to economic, political and administrative reasons, the necessityarose for a large-scale map (1:20 000, 1:10 000 or even 1:5 000) by reproducing and multiplyingexisting land originals. The new cartographic documents, known as "drawing master plans" were drawnup in a unique projection throughout the country, namely the Lambert projection. After the Second WorldWar, the Romanian Cartography has strongly developed. Thus, in order to obtain plans and topographicmaps in the shortest time and at the lowest possible price, the Photogrammetry Center was established in1958, which later in 1970 became the Institute of Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography and LandManagement (IGFCOT), where plans were drawn up to the scales 1:2 000, 1:5 000 and 1:10 000required either by national economy, or for land records, or to urban planning. The modern topographicmap was also created to the scale 1:25 000 (1972-1981) using the Gauss-Krüger transverse cylindricalprojection. In Romania, over time many cartographic projections were used to create basic maps, asfollows: Muffling polyhedral projection introduced in 1873 – for the Austrian map covering alsoTransilvania; Cassini cylindrical projection introduced in 1876 based on Bessel ellipsoid; Bonneequivalent conical projection introduced in 1873, based on Clarke 1880 and Bessel 1841ellipsoid;Lambert- Cholesky conformal conic projection - introduced in 1917, based on Clarke ellipsoid;Gauss Kruger transverse cylindrical conformal projection introduced in 1951, based on ellipsoidKrasovski 1940; Stereographic secant conformal perspective azimuthal projection 1970 plan introducedin 1970, based on ellipsoid Krasovski 1940;UTM conformal secant transversal cylindrical projection(Universal Transverse Mercator) introduced in 1947 based on WGS 84 ellipsoid.

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maps, cartographic projections, Muffling, Cassini, Bonne, Lambert- Cholesky, Gauss Kruger, UTM, Stereographic projection

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USING GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF SATELLITE IMAGES pag. 137-145

M. HERBEI, L. DRAGOMIR, C. Popescu, Silvica ONCIA

The Geographic Information System is a collection of located, collected, stored and managedgeographic data with the use of the computer, data which can be used to perform various spatialanalyses. The special GIS operations over the spatial information make from these instruments more thanjust efficacy instruments for making maps, but especially, irreplaceable instruments for analyzing theinformation that refer to the terrestrial surfaces. GIS maps must be made exploiting all availableresources based on rigorous analysis of their content and the costs involved, seeking assurance requiredwith maximum efficiency. Each data source requires the existence of specialized programs that wouldbring appropriate map data into digital form, starting with providing necessary equipment, going throughtechnological problems and data conversion, with the purpose of preparation and proper training ofpersonnel. In a GIS, data can be stored in two fundamental spatial data models: vector and raster. Rawraster data can be as follows: satellite images or orthophotos, while the raw vector data can be obtainedfrom topographic survey or data acquired by GPS technology. The information obtained from remotesensing is contained by the cosmic or aerial images, which can be interpreted for many purposes.Building these images is based on detection and registering of electromagnetic energy reflected or issuedby the surface of the objects present on the visual field of the sensors, which interacted with theelectromagnetic energy issued by a natural source (e.g. Sun, Moon) or an artificial one (e.g. radar). Theresponse of the objects from nature to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation is different,depending on their physical and chemical properties, configuration and surface roughness, itsillumination intensity and angle of incidence. These responses recorded via sensors translate the imageby the emergence of patterns (features), based on which objects can be distinguished and identified. Theremote sensing data is public, meaning it can be acquired from any area of the world and by anyone, withsome restriction.

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GIS, Landsat, bands, combination, band math

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THE QUALITY OF THE TIMIS RIVER WATERS pag. 146-151

Anisoara IENCIU, Silvica ONCIA, Laura SMULEAC, P. FAZAKAS, C. A. NICOLICI

The study of the quality of a river’s waters is of great ecological importance if we take intoaccount that surface water pollution is, nowadays, a major issue amplified at global scale because of theagricultural and industrial pollutants that reach the rivers. The sources most widespread of surface waterpollution are organised ones – sewage water from rural localities, sewage water from animal farms andfrom industry – but there are also non-organised sources of pollution such as rural localities that lacksewage systems, wastes stored in improper places and ways, etc. Timiş is the biggest river of Banat: itstarts in the Semenic Mountains, it is 339.7 km long (of which 241.2 km in Romania), and its basin covers13,085 km 2 , with a medium flow of 47 m 3 /s. Monitoring the quality of the Timiş River waters was done inthree control stations – Constantin Daicoviciu, Lugoj and Graniceri – through the sampling of the waterin four sampling campaigns – February, May, August and September – during three years (2009-2011).The water was analysed in the Quality Laboratory of the Banat Water Basin Administration. The mainquality indices we monitored were: suspension matter content, oxygen chemical consumption, nitratecontent, and lead content. Results show that, upstream, in the control station Constantin Daicoviciu, thewater is less polluted, which groups it in the 1 st and 2 nd quality classes; in the control point Lugoj, waterwas more polluted, ranging in the 2 nd and 3 rd quality classes, with suspension matter and lead contentabove maximum admitted limits; in the Graniceri section, there were significant values above maximumadmitted limits in all quality indices we monitored during the three experimental years, ranging water inthe 3 rd and 4 th quality classes because of the suspension matter, oxygen chemical consumption, nitritecontent, and lead content. The conclusion we can draw is that the waters of the Timiş River are pollutedin the Lugoj and Graniceri sections, that the main causes of the pollution are waste waters fromhouseholds, wastes from households, wastes from crop and animal farms in the area, and hydric erosionin the hydrographic basin of the Timiş River (natural source of pollution). In order to improve the qualityof the Timiş River waters downstream we need to develop effective sewage systems in rural localities,water treatment stations and controlled removal of waste waters.

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quality of a river’s waters, the quality indices, nitrate content oxygen, chemical consumption, lead content

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USING PEDOLOGICAL AND AGROCHEMICAL INFORMATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NITRATES DIRECTIVE IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNIT VLADIMIRESCU pag. 152-156

A. ILIUȚĂ, B. BEȘTI, D. DOLOGA

Research goal is to gather, process and interpret scientific information on the physical,chemical and hydro-physical of soils to provide specialized technical support for the governmentauthorities to develop the administrative territory Vladimirescu. Importance, originality and timeliness ofwork is the necesity of soil and environmental protection by implementing the Action Program forvulnerable zones to nitrate from agricultural sources, in Arad county, it being the focal point formonitoring the implementation of the Nitrates Directive for soil and crops, to ensure information for thecountry report on Nitrates Directive. Physico-chemical properties of soil samples (texture, pH, humusand N, P, K, content etc..) and biochemical and microbial diversity of the samples were analyzed in theLaboratory of OSPA Arad after national norms and standards approved by the Standards Association ofRomania (ASRO). In terms of geomorphology, the village is located in Banato-Crisana Plain, part of theWestern Plain of Romania, the eastern extremity of Arad Plain in the Cris-Mures interfluve, unit formedexclusively by the cumulative action of the Mures River. Agricultural land of the village has an area of10.054 ha, consists of the following uses: arable (90.9%), pasture (8.7%), grassland (0.3%) and orchards(0.1%). By grouping the land units is resulting the following dominant soils: Psamosol (31,40 ha),Alluvial soils (1032,41 ha), Chernozem (65,69 ha), Eutryc cambisol (4304,85 ha), Pelosol (2587,75 ha),Vertisol (1009,75 ha), Gleysol (22,15 ha). Knowledge of these special features of the soil presents atheoretical and practical importance. Theoretical, because it provides to the expert the posibility tointerpret the phenomena that occur in soil and to predict soil evolution in particular and the widerenvironment in terms of present and future health and warns the farmer what action should be taken tobring optimum soil conditions for growth and development of plan.

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fertilizer, vulnerable area, livestock, monitoring, environmental protection

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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMPOST DOSES ON SOME PROPERTIES OF AN EXTENSIVE GRASSLAND SOIL pag. 157-165

Györgyi KOVÁCS, G. TUBA, R. CZIMBALMOS, I. CSÍZI

After the millennium the utilization of the Hungarian grasslands is particularly important. Weconsidered the efficient utilization of the agricultural areas - including grasslands, pastures- byincreasing the number of ruminants is the part of the rural strategy. The effective utilization of the by-product, the manure in croplands or pastures is particularly important, taking the increasing fertilizerprices within the continuously opening price scissor of the industrial-agricultural products into account.The patent of the Karcag Research Institute of CAAES RISF UD, the TERRASOL compost is a goodalternative fertilizer for farmers. We have already published the primary results of our grasslandfertilization experiment, where we investigated the utilization of different compost doses and evaluatedthese from economic point of view. In this paper we examined the changes of the properties of the soil inthe different treatments. We visualized our results by using GIS methods. We measured the moisturecontent, the penetration resistance and the CO 2 emission of the soil of the four treatments. We determinedthat the 20 t/ha of compost dose was considered sufficient to improve the investigated properties of thegrassland soils under the droughty conditions of 2012.

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grass fertilization, soil moisture, CO 2 -emission, penetration resistance, GIS interpretation

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THE EVOLUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF FUNGI IN SOIL POLLUTED WITH CRUDE OIL pag. 166-170

Mariana MARINESCU, M. DUMITRU, Anca LACATUSU, D. M. MOTELICA, M. MARINESCU

For bioremediation to be successful, the bioremediation methods depend on having the rightmicrobes in the right place with the right environmental factors for degradation to occur. The rightmicrobes are bacteria or fungi, which have the physiological and metabolic capabilities to degrade thepollutants. Recent studies have reported several bacteria and filamentous fungi species with the capacityto mineralize or to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Bioremediation can be done on site, is often lessexpensive and site disruption is minimal, it eliminates waste permanently, eliminates long-term liability,and has greater public acceptance, with regulatory encouragement, and it can be coupled with otherphysical or chemical treatment methods. Chemical pollution of the soil environment has become a majorsource of concern. Crude oil bioremediation of soils is limited by the bacteria activity in degrading thespills hydrocarbons. In this paper are presented the results obtained in a bioremediation laboratoryexperiment. The aim of this study is to enhance the bioremediation of soils polluted with crude oil byadding the natural biodegradable product and bacterial inoculum. A natural biodegradable product andbacterial inoculum was used for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal from an artificial pollutedsoil. Soil polluted with 50000 mg/kg of TPH was treated with 0.25%, respective 0.5% and/or bacterialinoculum to increase the biodegradability rate. Also, the soil contaminated with 100000 mg/kg of TPHwas treated with 0.5%, respective 1% and/or bacterial inoculum. The main objective of this work is toaccelerate the biodegradation processes. The enhancement of petroleum hydrocarbons degradation wasachieved under natural product treatment and bacterial inoculum. The bacterial inoculum was used toenrich indigenous microbes to enhance biodegradation rate in the green house experiment. In soilexcessively polluted with crude oil, bacterial population size in conditioned variant with Ecosol maximumdose (1%) presented values comparable to those of inoculated variants, demonstrating the protective andstimulation effect of soil bacteria, including those involved in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbonsexercised by organic compound applied Ecosol. At each phase of the study, the natural biodegradableproduct was found to significantly enhance the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

more abstract
total number of fungi, crude oil, pollution, cambic chernozem.

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BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE WATER QUALITY IN THE WATER FLOW IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC pag. 171-181

Jaroslav NOSKOVIČ, Alena RAKOVSKÁ, Jana PORHAJAŠOVÁ, Mária BABOŠOVÁ, Terézia ČERYOVÁ

Assessment of the surface water quality in the whole Europe affected the Directive 2000/60/ECof the waters, according to which is the evaluation method of surface waters based on the the evaluationof the ecological and chemical status of the surface water bodies. For environmental assessment are keyinformations on the qualitative and quantitative composition of communities aquatic organisms. On thisbasis, we collected 28 samples of water flow at 7 sites Caradice brook during year 2009, in thesouthwestern part of the Slovak Republic. In the water flow Čaradice stream, which spring in themountain of Pohronský Inovec and is righthand tributary of the Hron River, thus we obtained 30 776individuals macrozoobenthos. By determining the mentioned number of the individuals, we found thepresence of 146 kinds that were included into 16 systematic groups: Turbellaria, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea,Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Isopoda, Amphipoda, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, Heteroptera,Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Diptera, Chironomidae. From these systematic groups the largestnumber of representatives of the systematic group Amphipoda had regularly occurred at all samplingsites. Most widespread type of this systematic group and also the most numerous of all species ofmacroinvertebrate found in the waters of the Caradice stream was Gammarus fossarum, which we regardto its mass occurrence (28%) identified as eudominant species. The smallest numerous individuals wererepresented systematic group Megaloptera that monitored the water flow occurred infrequently, so weincluded them to subrecedent species. The greatest constancy, i.e. stability of in the community hadspecies Eiseniella tetraedra, Gammarus fossarum, Pisidium obtusale, which we evaluated as the speciesalways present. The species of Cloeon dipterum, Erpobdella octoculata, Hydropsyche angustipennis wasspecies the almost always present. The greatest frequency had family Chironomidae (100%). TheSaprobic indices in the reporting period ranged from 1.7151 to 2.2399 on the basis of what wecategorized the water from Caradice stream to the level of beta - mesosaprobity. The average annualvalue of the saprobic index of benthic invertebrates of Čaradice brook (SAS=2,00) does not meet therequirements of the indicator of water quality - Part E "biological and microbiological parameters,which are set out in Government Regulation No. 269/2010 Coll. (SAS = 1,3).

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biodiversity, Čaradice stream, quality of water, macrozoobenthos, Slovak Republic

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CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN WATER FLOW IN THE SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC pag. 182-189

Jaroslav NOSKOVIČ, Alena RAKOVSKÁ, Mária BABOŠOVÁ, Jana PORHAJAŠOVÁ, Terézia ČERYOVÁ

All chemical and biological processes and living conditions for organisms in watercourses aresignificantly affected by oxygen conditions. The aim of this paper is to evaluate changes of theconcentrations of dissolved oxygen in water flow of Čaradice brook, which is located in the southwesternpart of the Slovak Republic, during the period 2005-2010. The watercourse springs in the mountains ofPohronský Inovec in the southern foot of Drienka hill and it is the right tributary of the Hron River.Samples of the water from watercourse were carried out on a regular basis, in the second decade of themonth. The places of taking samples were localized in a longitudinal profile of the watercourse to includeall sources causing the changes of dissolved oxygen concentration. Samples of water were collected fromsix sampling sites.Water samples were taken from the middle of the main stream. The results show thatthe average concentration of dissolved oxygen for the whole monitored period was 7.24mg.dm -3.Depending on the time of taking samples the highest average oxygen concentration was recorded inwinter and early spring time, with the highest values in the month of February. From March there was agradual decrease up to the minimum value in July. This decline was probably associated with anintensive degradation of organic substances by micro-organisms and also with higher water temperature.The sampling site had lower impact on the concentration of dissolved oxygen than the time of collectionof water. Its minimum average concentration was found in the south point of Kozárovce. This decrease isrelated to the oxygen consumption on biodegradation of organic pollutants which got to the water flowwith non-cleaned sewage effluent, as the village has not built a wastewater treatment plant. The highestconcentration was recorded under the eco-system of permanent grassland, in the north point of Čaradice.Calculated values of 10-th percentile of the dissolved oxygen in all sampling locations was lower, as isspecified in the requirements on the quality of the surface water in the Regulation of the Government ofthe Slovak Republic No. 269/2010 Coll. Based on the above mentioned it can be concluded that in thewater stream in terms of oxygen ratios are favorable conditions for the organisms that are lessdemanding on the dissolved oxygen.

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watercourse, dissolved oxygen, Čaradice brook

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECTS IMPLEMENTED THROUGH MEASURE 112 – SETTING UP YOUNG FARMERS IN TIMIS COUNTY pag. 190-200

Manuela Dora ORBOI, A. BĂNEŞ, T. IANCU

Community support to rural policy is a requirement in the conditions of reducing andeliminating intervention prices and the decoupling of direct payments from production, because in thisway you can ensure the restructuring of agricultural sector and developing of relationship between ruraland urban areas. In terms of the size of funds allocated from the EU budget to finance the ruraldevelopment measures, Romania is positioned fourth of all European Union member countries, afterPoland, Italy and Germany. The amount allocated to Romania, 8124.2 billion EUR is a significantamount, representing 8.4% of the size of rural development funds allocated to Member States of the EUbudget. Allocations from the EU budget for the rural development measures reach 8124.2 million euros(80.46%), much above the financial support level of the National Rural Development Programmes inother countries; Romania’s contribution is 19.54%, namely 1972.9 million euros. Axis 1 priorities relateto the better capitalisation of the rural potential, as well as improved competitiveness to add more valueto agricultural and forestry products. Emphasis is laid on the modernisation and restructuring ofagricultural holdings with new technology and innovations. As far as the effective implementation of theNRDP under Axis 1 is concerned, the general situation is satisfactory. The measures related to structuralchanges have been less effective than those related to improving productivity and setting up newcompanies. The low degree of measure implementation, partly caused by the low number of finalisedprojects, is a threat for their results, especially for those measures that involve private investments. As faras the level of absorbing European funds allocated through EAFRD in Timis County is concerned, theanalysis of the data presented above reveals that the amount of 2.709 million euros paid for Timis Countyunder Measure 112 accounts for only 0.8% of the total sum of 337.221 million euros allocated for thecountry and only 27.48% for the 5 West Region.

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projects, measure 112, young farmers, rural policy

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE EVOLUTION THE ORGANIC FOOD MARKET IN THE WORLD pag. 201-209

Manuela Dora ORBOI

Organic production systems are based on specific and precise standards of production, agropursuing the best, easy to sustain in terms of social, environmental and economic. "Organic" is a labelingterm that denotes products produced under organic production standards and certified by a legallyconstituted body or authority in this regard. The main purpose of organic agriculture is to optimize thehealth and productivity of interdependent communities of soil, plants, animals and humans. In 2010, thecontinent with the largest cultivated area of organic Australia / Oceania, over 12.1 million ha up to299,884 hectares in 2005, followed by Europe with 10.0 million hectares to 3.08 hectares in growthcompared to 2005, Latin America - 8.39 million ha to 2.58 million hectares up to 2005, Asia - decreasingby 2.7 million hectares to 115,281 hectares in 2005, North America - 2.6 million ha up to 453,399hectares in 2005 and Africa - about 1.07 million ha up 185,325 hectares compared to 2005. Global salesof organic food and beverages grow in an accelerated rhythm, reaching 63 billion USD in 2011. Themarket expanded more three-fold between 2000 and 2011, from 17.9 billion USD to 63 billion USDreaching. The organic demand is concentrated in North America and Europe, these two regionscomprising 96% of the global revenues. The European organic food and beverage market is the largestand most complex in the world, evaluated at 28 billion USD in 2010. Sales of organic products andbeverages in North America continues to grow, retail sales were estimated at 17.3 billion USD in 2006,23 billion USD in 2008, 26.3 billion USD in 2009, and in 2010 reached to 28.6 billion USD. Asianmarket in 2006, retail sales were around 780 million USD, and in 2009 reached about 1 billion USD.Latin America is a major producer and exporter of organic products, however internal markets arebeginning to slowly develop. Almost all organic food production in Africa is for the export market. Asorganic food production continues to rise across the globe, some sectors are expected to experienceoverproduction.

more abstract
market, demand, consumers, food products, increase

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WATER EXCESS DRAINAGE DURING OPERATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL LAND FITTED WITH DRAINAGE-DRAINING WORKS IN THE CATCHMENT AREA OF MOLDOVA RIVER, SUCEAVA COUNTY pag. 210-220

Oprea RADU

For valorising the yield capacity of the moisture excess lands from the hydrographical basin ofthe Moldova River, Suceava County, they were performed until 1990, dry-drainage out on an area of8761 ha, of which 3059 ha with underground drainage works. Systems were designed under conditions ofland exploitation on drying sectors. Because, as concerns the property rights, they had not in view thedirection of suction drains and drying network, individual plots are situated perpendicular, parallel or ata sharp angle towards suction drains and/or drying channels. Soil tillage and especially, mouldboardploughing on individual plots have resulted with time in land modelling in ridge strips, having variablewidths, level differences and transversal slopes according to plot width, way of usage and usedequipments. This land modelling has determined the change in the depth of placing suction drains; thus,it has decreased in the ditch area and increased on the ridgeline, having influence on the functionaloutput of suction drains and the uniformity of water excess removal. In order to determine the technicalelements of the strips with ridges, accurate elevation-height topographic survey was conducted by themethod of radiation and leveling traversing combined with radiations, based on which the transversaland longitudinal profiles were drawn and in order to determine the momentary water component of thesoil, samples of soil were collected using a tubular probe, in 10 cm layers, down to 0.8 m and to 1.00 mrespectively. In case of land plots parallel to drainage lines, the best water excess drainage wasregistered when trenches were positioned over drains and the lowest water excess drainage in drainslocated below ridges. In plots perpendicular to drainage lines, we achieved a water excess drainagerelatively closet o that of drains located below ridges. Furthermore, drains located below ridges providethe uniformity of water excess drainage from the drained surface, in plots oriented parallel to absorbingdrains and absorbing drains oriented perpendicular to individual plots. Due to the slight likelihood ofgetting trenches above absorbing draining lines further to individual soil works, it results that the bestwater excess drainage is achieved on land surfaces where plots are perpendicular to absorbing drains.

more abstract
excess humidity, underground drainage, individual land plots, ridge-plough land development.

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INFLUENCE OF THE ANTHROPIC FACTOR OVER THE MODIFICATION OF GEOMETRIC AND HYDRAULIC ELEMENTS OF THE DRAINING NETWORK OF THE ROTOPĂNEȘTI-RĂDĂȘENI-FÂNTÂNA MARE SYSTEM, SUCEAVA COUNTY pag. 221-231

Oprea RADU, F. FILIPOV

The drainage-desiccation developments on the Moldova river meadows in Suceava county werebuilt for the purpose of eliminating the excess water from both the terrain's surface and from its higherlevels, origination from rainfall, ground water, from the surface flow and from the surrounding higherground. After constructing the hydro-ameliorative improvements, special attention must be given to theoperation method and to its behavior over time. By operating and using the draining network, mainlyshores erosion and bottom of canal clogging occurs, that may be caused by both natural and humanfactors. In order to determine the geometric and hydraulic parameters of the draining system, anaccurate elevation-height topographic survey was conducted by the method of radiation and levelingtraversing combined with radiations, based on which the transversal and longitudinal profiles weredrawn. The leveling survey data were gathered using an average precision Zeiss Ni-025 level and thesurveying rod with centimeter marks, and the level differences were determined bases on two levels of thesurveying instrument. Waste disposal, vegetal waste and various packaging materials thrown into thecanal, generally beside bridges, speed the process of clogging and shuttering, causing, in upriver, thedecommissioning of canals, the overflow of waters accumulated during heavy rain, the flooding of nearbyareas, and the malfunction of the desiccating- drainage network. Also, the shore erosion and canalclogging is largely influenced by the lands serviced by the canal category of use. The shore erosion andthe canal clogging is greater upon the areas used as pastures, due to a low degree of embankmentgrassing, to total lack of grassing on some sections, caused by irrational grazing and by the repeated anduncontrolled animal crossing. On arable surfaces, canals generally present well grassed embankments,fact that diminishes riverbanks erosion, yet in time, for lack of maintenance works, cause water flowslowdown and stagnation, the appearance of hydrophilic vegetation and shrubs, favoring siltsedimentation and clogging.

more abstract
humidity in excess, canal clogging, geometric and hydraulic components of the drainage network.

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NITRIC FOOD POLLUTION AS A RESULT OF INTENSIVE MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZATION pag. 232-237

Hortensia RĂDULESCU

The study reveals the most important nitrate sources of agricultural origin which often pollutefood stuffs and drinking water. In areas with intensive nitrate fertilization and livestock breeding, cropsand depth water become overloaded with nitrates. The nitrate content of carrot, spinach, lettuce, cabbageand parsley experimentally fertilized with various doses of nitrogen was measured at their harvest. Fieldexperiments were performed treating soil with six doses of nitrogen applied as a mineral fertilizer (urea,ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate) and organic fertilizer (manure). The nitrate content of spinach,lettuce and cabbage leafs, also carrot root and vegetative organs of parsley was determined at harvesttime. The upper and deep layers of ground water in some settlements of Banat County were also sampledand analysed for nitrates, using the Griess method (spectrophotometric method). Nitrate contamination inareas of intensive agricultural activities as well as nitric overload due to intensive animal breeding werestudied on depth water samples. The obtained results showed linear correlation between the nitrogenamount used as fertilizer or generated by intensive animal breeding and the nitrate content of vegetablesand water samples. The values of the nitrate content in vegetables altered and depended also on theanalysed vegetable species. Nitrogen added as organic fertilizer (manure) generates at harvest time lownitrate content in vegetables. Therefore the organic fertilizer should be preferred to mineral fertilization,if the agricultural technology admits it. The usefulness of the paper lies in preventing the consumer’snitric stress by food and water consumption. The importance of the obtained results consists in informingpotential consumers about the nitric accumulation prevalent in leaf and root vegetables also in depthwater resources in areas of intensive fertilization with mineral nitrogen or industrial animal breeding. Inorder to prevent high nitrate concentration in leaf and root vegetables, the nitrogen fertilizer dose to beapplied should be calculated on the basis of specific consumption of the species and also the features andfertility of the soil. The climatic conditions, the vegetation period of the crop and the harvest time are alsorelevant, since they deeply influence the reduction of nitrates.

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nitrogen dose, vegetables, depth water, nitrate content, nitric overload;

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SOIL TREATMENT EFFECTS OF ZEOLITIC VOLCANIC TUFF ON SOIL FERTILITY pag. 238-244

Hortensia RĂDULESCU

This paper presents the effect of zeolitic volcanic tuff on soil fertility as a consequence oftreating soil with zeolitic tuff supplies (clinoptilolite rich tuff). This high silicon tuff type and the essentialfeatures of the clinoptilolite has generated in time changes in soil properties like soil reaction, aneffective pH buffering, increase of water absorption and cation exchange properties. The effect of usingthree different doses of zeolitic volcanic tuff, with and without ammonium nitrate addition as fertilizer, onacid soils was assessed by means of physical and chemical soil parameters, biomass and grain yields.The pH increase of soil treated by volcanic tuff alone or mixed with ammonium nitrate confirmed thebuffering effect and suggested the opportunity of using volcanic tuff for conditioning and remedying acidsoils. An increase of soil humidity and the enrich of calcium, magnesium and potassium content in soilwas also observed. The analysis of extractable mineral content showed the contribution of the zeolitic tuffon increasing soil mineral content and fertility. Global soil fertility enhance, particularly in theneighborhood of the rizosphere, was reflected also by biomass and grain yields increase. The obtainedresults showed the benefit of using the zeolitic volcanic tuff in conjunction with ammonium nitrate torestore the fertility of low fertile soils. The usefulness of the paper is to inform about the zeolitic volcanictuff features and its action as soil treatment on soil quality. The importance of this research lies inpresenting a technology to restore soils with low fertility using a rather cheap natural resource of ourland. In Romania, major deposits of clinoptilolite rich tuff can be found near Mirsid, Salaj County andBarsana, Maramures County. The use of zeolitic volcanic tuff in agriculture might be an alternative forfertilizing and amending low fertile soils as part of practicing an ecological agriculture.

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zeolitic volcanic tuff, soil fertility, pH, humidity, cation content, crop yield;

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LANDSLIDES pag. 245-251

Gh. ROGOBETE, Adia GROZAV, A. ȚĂRĂU

We can define a landslide as the movement of rock, detritus, or soils caused by the action ofgravity. It occurs often following torrential rain or earthquake, and even volcanic eruptions can lead tolandsliding. Landslides are a major form of geohazard that cause millions of dollars of damage and manydeaths each year. The stability of a slope can be considered as two forces working against each other.Driving forces – shear stress work to cause slope materials to move down – slope, whereas resistingforces – shear strength act to keep the materials on the slope. When the ratio of resisting forces overdriving forces is greater than 1, the slope is stable. When it is less than 1, the slope usually fails.Earthquakes can instantly change the local force equilibrium, anticipating the fall. The present paperreports on the evidence of the areas affected with landslides. On the basis of the clay minerals analysisare explained the displacement mechanismus from the Bozovici and were given the control methods. Ifland has moved once, there is a high chance of it moving again given the right conditions. It is thereforeimperative to recognize ancient landslides and assist the planning process with maps to raise awarenessof their presence prior to building. For whole region Banat, with an area of 1198264ha land resources,the area with landslides represents 5.53%, that is 66335 ha. Rockfall is the movement of a single block.Rock avalanches result from the transformation of rock slide into a deeply disintegrated, rapid, andcatastrophic flow of rock. Mass movement (flow) is any process that involves a transfer of slopematerials, rocks, debris or soils, from a higher to a lower location under the influence of gravity.Translational slides occur along a failure surface in the bedrock and move parallel to the surface. Thelandslide from Bozovici affects 42,5 ha. The shrink – swell properties lead to landslide and shiftingproblems. Significant landslide is solifluction, that is a process of gentle and continous flow on low –gradient sloping land of a thin, viscous, water – satured mass of soil or rock debris. In order to prevent,and mitigating their impact, the need is to reduce the driving forces and/or increase the resisting forceson the slope. Building a buttress at the bottom of the slope by erecting a wall of boulders, building aconcrete wall with weep holes, or building a gabion basket wall will increase the resisting forces of theslope.

more abstract
hazard, vulnerability, friction, cohesion, stability, liquefaction

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SOIL GENESIS AND PROBLEMATIC SOILS pag. 252-258

Gh. ROGOBETE, Adia GROZAV

In the civil engineering, the soils represent a relatively loose material originating from theupper rock layers or from the soil profile itself. There are many soil – forming processes. Soil – formingprocesses vary with time but also with parent materials, topographical relief, vegetation, and climate.Poor soil conditions in terms of engineering increase the cost of construction. Fundamental soilproperties such as cation exchange and shrink – swell properties are all influenced by molecular - scaledifferences in soil clay minerals. The following outlines of soil – forming processes are presented:gleization (develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part), paludization (is an accumulation ofundercayed plant debris), podzolization (are soils characterized by the presence of a spodic horizon),ferrolysis (a hardpan of iron oxide may build up at the interface of the aerobic and anaerobic zones),ferrallitization, biocycling, lessivage is the process of clay accumulation; Lixiviation is a process ofleaching of major cations from soil minerals and their loss from the soil in groundwater; melanisation,andisolization, vertization - is the physical soil overturning and mixing, characteristic of soils rich inswelling clays (smectites), which swell when wet and shrink when dry; anthrosolization - said, about anymodification of properties, due to human activity, including soil modifications that may significantlyinfluence soil development; salinization, solonization, cryoturbation. Quicksands are encountered inexcavations made in fine sands that are below the watertable. Loess is, from this point of view, a typicalcollapsible material. The structural stability of collapsible soils is related to the suffusion process, that isthe process of lateral and vertical removal of the fine soil particles by subsurface flow, often leading tosettling, formation of potholes or piping. Chemical and hydrodynamic suffosion are distinguished. Thesevolume changes can give rise to ground movements that may result in damage to buildings, and also inroad construction. Severe erosion or worse, serious piping damage to embankments and piping failuresof earth dams have occurred when dispersive soils have been used in their construction. Excessivesettlement are the principal problems confronting the engineer working on a peat soil. A number oftechnique can be used to stabilize these soils.

more abstract
soil forming, civil engineering, quicksands, collapsible, expansive, dispersive

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SPECTRAL IMAGING IN THE EVALUATION OF THE CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN WHEAT pag. 259-267

F. SALA, M. BOLDEA, I. GERGEN

The objective of our research was to evaluate the nutritional status expressed through thechlorophyll content in wheat crops, by using the analysis of the digital images taken in the visiblespectrum. The study is based on observations of different colors expressed by plants in the visiblespectrum, following a different nutritional status. These data about colors were associated and correlatedwith the chlorophyll content. The biologic material was represented by Alex variety of wheat (Triticumaestivum ssp. Vulgare). The nutritional stress which generated the variation in the chlorophyll contentwas induced by controlled nitrogen fertilization, in doses between 0 – 200 kg active substance ha -1 withfour levels of PK 0 – 150 kg active substance ha -1 . Chlorophyll content of wheat plants was determinedwith a portable chlorophyll meter (Konica Minolta SPAD 502 Plus) to measure absorbance leaves redand near infrared region. Determination of chlorophyll was done in the same time to capture digitalimages. Capturing digital images made with a Nikon D80 at uniform parameters for all variants. Thedigital images, captured in the visible spectrum, were analyzed from the point of view of their colorspectrum by nonlinear perceptual representation systems RGB, HSB and HSL. Chlorophyll contentranged from 40.26 ± 1.36 (SPAD units) from control variant (P 0 K 0 N 0 ) and 55.57 ± 0.55 (SPAD units) atP 150 K 150 N 200 variant. After the correlative analysis of the numerical values resulted on color channels(H,S,B and H,S,L) and chlorophyll, we obtained correlations with high significance level (verysignificantly negative correlation between the chlorophyll content and color channel B HSB , r = -0.930).Multi-parameter analysis of the variables, accomplished through cluster analysis and data groupingbased on Euclidean distances, places the experimental variants according to the fertilization level. Theirdisposition is also correlated with the chlorophyll content and HSB and HSL values resulted from testscarried out and from the data stored in digital images.

more abstract
imagistic spectral analysis, digital image, visible spectrum, RGB, HSB, HSL, chlorophyll, wheat

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TOPOGRAPHIC ELEVATIONS FOR THE REGISTRATION OF OWNERSHIP RIGHTS OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTIES IN DUMBRAVITA, BASED ON LAW OF EDUCATION 1/2011 pag. 268-278

Adrian ŞMULEAC, Cosmin POPESCU

This paper was written at the request of the Banat University of Agricultural Sciences andVeterinary Medicine Timisoara, in order to pass these lands from the possession of the Public Domain ofthe Romanian State and the Administration of USAMBV Timisoara to the property of the BanatUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timisoara, based on Law of Education1/2001. This paper aims at obtaining the permit from the National Agency for Cadastre and LandRegistration (NACLR) Romania and new land registry numbers, following the drafting of thedocumentation of IMMOVABLE PROPERTY CADASTRAL DATA UPDATE for parcels bearingcadastral numbers A38/1, A47/1, A52, A70/2/1 and A70/2/2, located outside the locality of Dumbrăviţa,based on Law of Education 1/2001. Article 226, paragraph 2 of Law of Education 1/2001 specifies therights universities have on their own heritage assets. Paragraph 4 of the same law entitles the universitiesto own movable and immovable property from the public and private domain of the state among theirassets. Paragraph 6 stipulates that “according to a Government decision, assets can pass from the state’spublic domain to the state’s private domain and to the property of state universities, on condition thatrelevant laws are complied with.” In order to pass these lands from the property of the Romanian State tothe property of USAMVB Timişoara, two topographic and cadastral surveys were conducted to updatethe immovable property data according to Order 634/2006. The code used to submit the surveys complieswith the Order on tariff approval published in the Official Journal no 253/16.04.2009, which specifiescode 2.6.2 for surveys submitted to Timiş County Office for Cadastre and Land Registration – forimmovables whose area specified in papers coincides with the area resulted from measurements; forimmovables whose measured surface is ± 2% different than the area in the papers, the code is 2.5.4. Forcode 2.6.2, NACLR charges 60 RON/immovable property, while for code 2.5.4 the tax is 120RON/immovable property. The elevations in the present paper were done with Leica GPS 1200, a state-of-the-art device that uses SmartWorx v8.10 technology and a Bluetooth connection. After finishing themeasurements, the data were unloaded with the Leica Geo Office Combined software. The WGS84coordinates were transformed into 1970 stereographic coordinates using TransDat 4.0. The 1970stereographic coordinates were transferred to AutoCad to draft this topographic work.

more abstract
Public Domain of the Romanian State and the Administration of USAMBV Timisoara, immovable property cadastral data update, Law of Education 1/2001

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TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS FOR THE UPDATING OF SOIL IMPROVEMENT WORKS IN A TEACHING EXPERIMENTAL STATION pag. 279-286

Adrian ŞMULEAC, Silvica ONCIA, Cosmin POPESCU, Mihai HERBEI, Laura ŞMULEAC

For the purposes of this paper, the measurements were taken in the unincorporated area ofTimisoara. Their aim is to make an inventory of the lands belonging to Banat University of AgriculturalScience and Veterinary Medicine (USAMVB) Timisoara, Timiş County. The parcels included in theinventory belong to the Public Domain of the Romanian State and are managed by BUASVM Timisoarafor the Teaching Experimental Station, in compliance with Government Decision 2066/2004, no3001/2006. The following parcels are included: A347, A354/1, A359, A369, Cc372, A373/1, A375/5,A398, LL417/1, VN422, VN424, LL472, A519/1 and A521/1/1. The topographic survey perimeter isdelimited by Berecsau in the north, Hpr 337, Timişoara-Arad National Road (DN) 355 in the east, thebuilt-up area of BUASVMT in the south and Calea Torontalului-Cenad National Road (DN) 525 in thewest. For the purposes of the present paper, the surveys were performed using Leica GPS 1200, a state-of-the-art device that uses SmartWorx v8.10 technology and a Bluetooth connection. The GPS referencesystem is WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) that, like the ITRF system, is defined by the coordinatesof the determined terrestrial points. The wider and wider use of satellite positioning systems and satelliteglobal mapping systems for geodetic operations may cause serious practical difficulties if the results ofthese spatial techniques must be related to older maps or digital data. The main difficulty lies in changingdata from geocentric datums to local datums that describe older data or viceversa. Data resulting frommeasurements are stored on a Compact Flash card. The data in the device is downloaded with theCompact Flash card that will be connected to a card reader and with the Leica Geo Office Combinedsoftware, which is easy to use both for downloading and loading data in the device. The WGS84coordinates were transformed into 1970 stereographic coordinates using TransDat 4.0. The 1970stereographic coordinates were transferred to AutoCad to draft this topographic work.

more abstract
inventory of lands, topographic survey, World Geodetic System 1984, satellite positioning

Presentation: oral

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A STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF USING GROUNDWATER IN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN BANAT PLAIN pag. 287-293

Laura SMULEAC, Silvica ONCIA, Anisoara IENCIU, R. BERTICI, A. ŞMULEAC, C. PIȚIGA

This paper is of great ecological, social and economic interest. Water is a vital and vulnerablenatural resource for life and society. Nevertheless, it is one of the worst managed resources, being usedimproperly, wasted and returned to nature in bad condition. As many negative events with pathogenic ortoxic risk may occur, water supply monitoring in a human community through sample collection andanalysis has become a necessary permanent measure. While completing a cycle that starts from its sourceand ends with its final use (in households, farms or industries), water can accumulate and carry humanactivity residues that alter its basic qualities. Monitoring groundwater quality in South-Western BanatPlain was based on two drillings, one in Gătaia and one in Belinţ. Water samples were collected in Mayand June 2009 and 2011. The main quality indicators were dissolved oxygen concentration, chemicaloxygen consumption, nitrate and nitrite concentration, calcium, magnesium, iron, lead and manganeseconcentration. The analyses were performed at the Laboratory of Basin Water Administration, the BanatBranch. The low concentrations of oxygen dissolved in water indicate that water in both drillings belongsto the third class. As far as the chemical oxygen consumption at the Gătaia drilling is concerned, waterbelongs to the first class, while at Belinţ the water is second class. The nitrate concentration is muchabove the limit, reaching values that correspond to the fifth class. The nitrite concentration in bothdrillings places the water in the fourth class. The calcium level is higher at Gătaia, where water is veryhard. The magnesium level indicates that only the water at the Belinţ drilling belongs to the second class,while the iron concentration places both drillings in the second class. The lead level is above limit only atGătaia, and the manganese level places water in the third class. These results reveal that in bothdrillings, water quality is low and not suitable for supply, especially because of the nitrate and nitriteconcentrations. The very hard water at the Gătaia drilling requires special attention when used forirrigation purposes.

more abstract
groundwater quality, water supply, irrigation

Presentation: oral

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EVOLUTION OF THE COMPONENTS OF AGROECOSYSTEMS PRODUCTIVITY FROM BANAT PLAIN, MURES-BEGA INTERFLUVE, IN 2011-2012 AGRICULTURAL YEAR pag. 294-302

A. ŢĂRĂU, V. TABĂRĂ

The research are for grounding of sustainable agriculture system, responding of local demandsof establishing scientific database and to develop technology actions necessary to support integratedmanagement of agroecosystems. They were made in the stationary experience, in the field of OSPATimisoara, organized in two locations: Sanandrei and Jimbolia, representative for Banat agriculturalarea. At Jimbolia, the experiences are placed a typically chernozem, dominant in Jimbolia - Bulgăruşplain and representative for a large area of Banat low plain, as part of Mures Plain, at south of thecurrent course of the Mures. At Sanandrei, the experiences are placed on a an mollic reddish preluvosol,dominant in Plain Vinga and representative of a large surface of Banato-Crisana plain. The goal ofresearch its found theyr origins in current scientific and practical preoccupations to identify and put inplace an integrated management of agroecosystems, agronomic effective, with limited energy andfinancial efforts, ecological and conservativ for the soil and environment. To achieve the objectives, theresearch were oriented toward the observations and measurements made in the experimental field and inthe validation of these observations by laboratory analysis. The research of the ecopedologic conditionswas made according to “The methodology of elaborating of pedological studies”, vol. I, II and IIIelaborated by the ICPA Bucharest in 1987, completed with specific elements from the Romanian Systemof Taxonomy of Soils (SRSTS-2003/2012). Research consists in the accumulation of scientific data on thedevelopment of components of agricultural land productivity, on the supply of atmospheric, cosmic, reliefand soil, necessary for substantiation of current cultural technologies of performance use of theseresources through a complex firm approach of physical-geographical and climatico-edaphic conditionsfrom Banat Plain soils (Mures-Bega interfluve). They were investigated in relation to environmentalfactors, natural or anthropical, which makes the existence, together forming units ecologicallyhomogeneous area (TEO's) with specific suitability or favorability and different technologicalrequirements.

more abstract
plant culture, system, influence, component, agroecosystem

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USING PEDOLOGICAL INFORMATION TO DEFINE LAND PRODUCTIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN MOUNTAIN AND PRE-MOUNTAIN AREA OF TIMIS COUNTY pag. 303-308

D. ŢĂRĂU, Gh. ROGOBETE, D. DICU, R. BERTICI

The purpose of research is accumulating scientific data on the physical, chemical andmicrobiological properties of soils, data found in soil studies prepared by local OSPA since 2003,necessary to support a methodology for assessing their skills through a complex firm approach ofphysical, geography and soil conditions of the considered space. Between soil characteristics and mainspecies cultivated or spontaneous, can establish relationships of a diverse and complex reciprocity. Soilcharacteristics can exert influence on the development of the root system, mineral nutrition, providingaero-hydric and thermal regime needed to carry the main physiological processes and plants, in turn,acts both directly and indirectly on the state of soil fertility. Research on eco-metrical function of themain physical and chemical characteristics of soil have been taken by many scientists, in the country andabroad, since the beginning of last century and the German classification system was designed mainlybased on soil texture in the so-called phase of its evolution. Physical and chemical properties of soilsamples (texture, pH, humus content and N,P,K etc.) and the biochemical and microbial diversity ofsamples were analyzed in USAMVB-OSPA Timisoara Research Laboratory, after national norms andstandards, approved by the Standards Association of Romania (ASRO). Knowledge of these features ofthe soil have special theoretical and practical importance. Theoretical, it provides to specialist thepossibility to interpret the phenomena that occur in soil and to predict soil evolution in particular and theenvironment in general, in terms of present and future health, and practical because warns the physicianas what measures should be taken to bring the soil in optimal conditions for growth and development ofcultivated or wild plants. Importance, originality and timeliness of work is the need to protect the edaphiclayer and environmental protection by: The accumulation of scientific data necessary to supporttechnologies of conservative tillage and sustainable management of soil and water resources,Implementation of conservative tillage and sustainable management of physical, geographical andedaphic conditions from mountain and pre-mountain area of Timis county.

more abstract
biodiversity, cooperation, cohesion, sustainability, monitoring, risk

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SOIL RESOURCES EVALUATION FOR ESTABLISHING PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF LANDS OF SC ALCRIST LLC DEVESELU, OLT COUNTY pag. 309-314

LICA TUTI, D. ŢĂRĂU

Information based on soil, environmental factors were established soil resources and productivecapacity of the land of SC ALCRIST LLC Deveselu. The results of this work will be materialized in thethesis entitled Ecopedological foundamentation of cadastral value of agricultural land in the Olt, county.To achieve those objectives were investigated three fields, namely 73, 74, and 75 of the SC ALCRIST LLCDeveselu, opening two main sections, considered sufficient for the area studied, within which werecollected soil samples pedogenetic horizons. The soil samples were labeled and transported to the Officeof Soil and Agrochemical Studies Olt where they were analyzed according to national standards andapproved by the Standards Association of Romania (ASRO). In the case of 2 profiles based oninformation from the land, but also on soil analyzes have identified one type of soil, Chernozemrespectively, with subtype cambic. Productive capacity of lands was determined by the method ofRomanian evaluation agricultural lands (D. Teaci et al., 1980), considering the conditions of relief,climate resources, hydrology, soil characteristics. Land evaluation under natural conditions was basedon participation of ecological characterization indicators, setting the mark of evaluation by limitingfactors.Characterization of climate resources has been achieved using data from the MeteorologicalStation Caracal. Weather data from Weather Station Caracal is between multiannual average isothermsof 11.1 to 12.0 0 C (11.70 C for 2010-2012, representing the period of doctoral research in schools and11.4 0 C for the period 1980-2011). The precipitations regime is characterized by an average annual of525 mm (504.5 mm to 523.0 mm for the period 2010-2012 and 1980-2011). For the category of arable,note the result of evaluation by calculating the arithmetic mean of evaluation notes for 8 crops namely:grain, barley, corn, sunflower, potato, sugarbeet, soybean, peas-beans. Characterizing the main soilprofiles for the three fields the mark of evaluation for arable is 61, and crops: grain, corn and sunflowermark of evaluation is 65. Production achievable under natural conditions of climate (kg of product to thepoint of evaluation by D. Teaci et al., 1980) is 3900 kg / ha for grain, 5200 kg / ha for corn and 1950 kg/ha for sunflower. Technological sheets were prepared for crops of grain, corn and sunflower, accordingto the technology applied to every case. Following the application of advanced technology, productionswere higher than anticipated.

more abstract
soil resources, land conditional evaluation, evaluation marks, technical sheets, estimated production, production obtained gross profit.

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