Rjas

Vol 53, No 3 (2021)

METHODS FOR MONITORING LOCALITIES BASED ON REMOTE SENSING IMAGES. CASE STUDY: DUMBRAVITA, TIMIS COUNTY pag. 3-10

E. ANGHEL, M. NICOLA, D. VUCULESCU, M. V. HERBEI, F. SALA

The study aimed to analyze and characterize an urban area based on satellite imagery. UAT Dumbravita, Timis County, Romania, was studied under the aspect of the variation of NDBI and NDVI indices. It was considered a period of four years, 2017 - 2020, for the study, and as the period of the year the summer season was taken into account. Satellite scenes, Landsat 8, were used, taken in July - August during the study period. Based on spectral information and established formulas, NDBI and NDVI indices were calculated. Data sets of 21011 were analyzed for each index calculated and year of study. The series of values of the two indices studied (NDBI, NDVI) presented statistical distributions of histogram type - normal fit. The ANOVA test evaluated and confirmed the data safety and the presence of the variance in the data series (F>Fcrit, p<0.001). According to the Diversity profile, NDVI presented a higher variation in 2020 and a lower one in 2018. Intermediate values were recorded for 2017 and 2019. The variation of NDVI index values in relation to NDBI during the study period was described by 2nd order polynomial equations for 2017 and 2018 in statistical safety conditions (R2 = 0.729, p <0.001 , F = 28287 for 2017; R2 = 0.773, p <0.001 F = 35695 for 2018). In the conditions of 2019 and 2020, the NDVI variation in relation to NDBI was best described by linear equations, in conditions of statistical safety (R2 = 0.716, p <0.001, F = 53038 for 2019; R2 = 0.798, p < 0.001, F = 83229 for the year 2020). The general analysis over the study period, mean values of NDBI and NDVI indices, led to a spline model, which most appropriately described, and in statistical safety, the NDVI variation relative to NDBI.

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NDBI, NDVI, monitoring, spline model, periurban area

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IN SILICO CHARACTERIZATION OF A CUTINASE FROM PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS pag. 11-20

M. BAKLI 1,2, Noureddine BOURAS 3,4, R. PAŞCALĂU 5, Laura ȘMULEAC 5

Cutinases (E.C. 3.1.1.74) are hydrolytic enzymes, member of α/β hydrolase superfamily, that degrade insoluble biopolyester cutin, which is the structural component of plant cuticles. Because of the multifunctionality of cutinase enzymes, they are used in several fields such as in food, agriculture, detoxification, dairy product, textile, laundry, chemicals, and pharmaceutical industry. Cutinases are produced by phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. In contrast to fungal cutinases, relatively little is known about these enzymes from bacterial sources. The role of cutinase has been shown to facilitate the mode of entry of PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) endophytes into the newly emerged lateral roots or utilized root hairs. PGPR have emerged during the last decades as a potent alternative to chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and other supplements in an eco-friendly agriculture. Among these bacteria that have an agricultural interest, Pseudomonas fluorescens is the subject of particular attention. The aim of the study was to better understand and identify the three-dimensional (3-D) structure and properties of cutinase protein from P. fluorescens by using bioinformatics tools. Basic physicochemical characteristics were analyzed using Expasy’s Protparam and ProtScale tools. Several physicochemical characteristics of the cutinase enzyme were demonstrated. The instability index value indicated that the protein was highly stable. Furthermore, no transmembrane domain and no peptide signal were found in the protein, and the enzyme has a cytoplasmic localization. Secondary structure analysis was carried out by both SOPMA and PSIPRED programs that revealed that random coil dominated among secondary structure elements followed by α-helix, extended strand, and β-turn. Moreover, tertiary structure prediction was analyzed by Phyre2 server based on homology modeling and the predicted model was refined by ModRefiner and validated using PROCHECK’S Ramachandran plot. Ramachandran plot analysis showed that 89.2% of amino acid residues are within the most favored regions. Prediction of enzyme binding site by COFACTOR server was confident with a BS-score > 0.5. Protein-protein interaction networks demonstrated that cutinase of interacted with seven other proteins in a high confidence score. Overall, this in silico analysis study provides insights about physicochemical properties, structure, and function of cutinase from P. fluorescens, which would help to produce the enzyme on a large scale allowing its wide exploiting in various industrial and agricultural products and processes.

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Cutinase, Pseudomonas fluorescens, in silico analysis, homology modeling

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ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES TROUGH HABITAT DIVERSITY WITHIN A PERI-URBAN RIVER AREA - BEGA RIVER IN THE EASTERN PART OF TIMIȘOARA* pag. 21-36

Alina-Sorina BIRO1, C. M. IVAȘCU2, A. CIOBOTĂ3, G.-G. ARSENE4

Over the past centuries, wet areas have faced major threats and surface reductions due to urbanization, pollution and hydrotechnical arrangements. Concrete dams took the place of riparian forests and marshes especially in the urban, peri-urban and even rural areas as a flood control method. Even though in the past two or more decades in the Western part of the E.U. and U.S.A. the general trend was to restore riverbeds from concrete to their natural state, in Romania the trend has followed the opposite direction with repercussions on biodiversity, water quality and difficult invasive species control. In the summer of 2021 we have botanically surveyed the Bega river in the eastern part of Timișoara in order to investigate the benefits that this naturalized state brings to the city and European biodiversity conservation efforts. Our survey led to the identification of key species for conservation and favorable habitat conservation status, resulted from habitat mapping of the area. We identified seven main habitat types: 92A0, 3150 (Natura2000); G5.1, X25 (EUNIS) and R5307, R5309, R5310 (Romanian system). Our study aims to bring attention to such sites and their importance as biodiversity holders in urban landscapes and as ecosystem service provides and to further reconsideration of the methods used in their future development.

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biodiversity, habitat, Natura 2000, EUNIS, ecosystem services, peri-urban river area, Bega, Behela

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OPTIMAL MECHANIZATION TECHNOLOGY FOR GRAIN MAIZE HARVESTING* pag. 37-42

G. BRATAN1, R.TRUȚAN1, V. NAGY2, Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, Casiana MIHUȚ1

The harvesting of agricultural products is the completion and conclusion of agricultural production process; it is the point of convergence of all human actions, all the material and spiritual efforts invested by the company in the labour process for the production of material goods so necessary for its existence and development. Historically, the action of harvesting and storing the fruits of the Earth has a long and rich past: it has emerged in the Stone Age, many thousands of years before the beginning of the practice of agriculture, and it is one of the primordial activities of man. In its long, but glorious evolution, the harvesting act experienced fall and rise; it was still celebrated with fast and overwhelmed, more glorified with the emergence and development of industry, but the balance sheet time remained “the moment of the truth” for the global activity of a particularly important production branch of the world economy. In order to ease their work, in order to increase labour productivity and efficiency in harvesting agricultural products, man has created and applied, over the years, an unparalleled diversity of work and work techniques, from the simplest tools and devices to complex machines – the self-propelled combines of today – and especially maize harvesters. Maize harvesting is a particularly important work to be executed in time and with minimal losses. The dynamics of agriculture with mechanical means is continuously ascending, current concerns being aimed at increasing the number of agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as their improvement. The modern technical endowment of agriculture claims a thorough training and a high professional level of all those using this endowment.

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mechanization, harvesting, grain maize, combines

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NOISE AND VIBRATIONS PRODUCED BY TRACTORS AND SELF-PROPELLED AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY* pag. 43-48

A.F. CĂRĂBA, 1 R.TRUȚAN, 2V. NAGY, 1Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, Antoanela COZMA1

The fuel used for compression ignition engines is usually Diesel. The fuel mixture (air and Diesel) is formed in the combustion chamber in a very short time, while it takes the fuel injection. For this process to undergo normal conditions the spraying of fuel by the injector must be made as finely as possible. Taking into account that, at the time of injection of Diesel (end of compression), the air has a high pressure (25-35 dan/cm2), the pressure with which the Diesel is injected is much higher (110-1500 dan/cm2). As a fuel injection in the combustion chamber, it does not immediately ignite, but first occurs when fine Diesel droplets in the mixture are heated until they vaporise. Then follows auto-ignition, triggering a very high propagation speed. The time elapsed when the injection begins until the Diesel self-ignition is called a delay in self-ignition. It is desirable that the delay in self-ignition is as short as possible. It depends on several factors including the type of diesel, the type of combustion chamber, the injection advance, the compression ratio, and others. The ability of Diesel to have a certain delay in auto-ignition is expressed by the cetane figure or its cetane index. The cetane digit of the Diesel is the percentage of cetane in a standard mixture of two hydrocarbons: the cetane which has a cetane figure 100 and alpha-methylnaphthalene which has a cetane figure 0. The higher the cetane figure, the lower the delay in self-ignition is.

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tractors, agricultural machinery, vibrations, Diesel

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MACHINERY AND TECHNOLOGIES USED IN SOIL CONSERVATION SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE* pag. 49-54

C.L. CAUC, O. DUȘAN, Cosmina BOCA, Casiana MIHUȚ, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA

Soil degradation processes involve the need for conservation, maintenance and improvement of soil quality. Soil properties, as well as soil formators, such as climate, land use or soil management, determine the degree of soil degradation. Certain agricultural systems and practices are targeting one or more soil degradation processes and can contribute to better protection and preservation of edaphic resources, which has led us to carry out a series of studies and research directly in the field, using certain agricultural machines and technologies so that the soil does not suffer deep transformations and do not spoil its state of current fertility but, on the contrary, to apply those conservation methods that lead to preservation, to maintaining and retaining water in the soil, getting some high quality good yields with low production costs. Agricultural practice has highlighted that soil production capacity in the case of modern agricultural technologies (machines, fertilizers) increases with the necessary works for land improvements, prevention and control of erosion, a positive or balanced ratio of organic substances in the arable soil layer. Following the use of these machines and technologies, the first to win are farmers that implement them. In Romania, there are currently several farms that use and apply modern soil work technologies and in areas where soils and crops are suitable for them.

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soil, preservation, machinery and technologies, sustainability

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DRUM IRRIGATION IN MAIZE ON A CHERNOZEM IN MĂNĂŞTUR, ARAD COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 55-59

C.L.CAUC 1, Aurelia MIHUȚ1, V. NAGY 2., Casiana MIHUȚ1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1

Drum irrigation is one of the most used irrigation methods in large crops, maize being among the largest water-consuming crops. The studied area is located in an arid climate, with a period of intensive drought, especially during the period in which maize needs an appreciable amount of water. The research methods used are the drum irrigation method, using Bauer Raninstar E51 XL drums. The density of the two maize plots is between 69,000 and 72,000 plants per hectare. In 2020, the amount of water used in maize was 30-35 l/m2, of 3 cycles of watering, and the production ranged from 11.8 to 12.1 t/ha, compared to 4.8 t/ha in the no-irrigation maize on a neighbouring plot on the same type of soil. The soil on which research was conducted has high natural fertility, but in view of the climate changes in the last period, soil moisture does not cover the needs of water for plants. When applying this irrigation method, farmers must take into account a number of factors, including: the physical properties of the soil, the soil texture being essential in determining the water supply depending on the water storage capacity; the climate conditions specific to each year, respectively the vegetation period; plant consumption depending on the vegetation period; depth of groundwater; the forms under which water is found in the soil, etc. The results and productions obtained show that the drum irrigation method is obtained with minimal costs and can be used successfully and extended to other crops.

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soil, irrigation, drum irrigation, maize

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RESEARCH ON SOYBEAN GROWING TECHNOLOGY IN GIERA PEDOCLIMATE CONDITIONS pag. 60-68

Maria Manuela CRISTA, S. C. CURCHI, Simona NIȚA, A. OKROS

Cultivated soybeans belong to the species Glycine max. (L), order Leguminosales. Soybeans are one of the most important agricultural plants for human consumption, animal feed and industry. Soybeans are among the most important crops for the Western Plain of the country, motivated by the favorable soil and climatic conditions of this area.( NIŢĂ SIMONA 2004, NIŢĂ SIMONA2016) Soybeans, being a legume, contribute substantially to increasing the fertility of the soil. Representing a great importance as a precursor plant having the particularity of a substantial improvement soil properties. Like all legumes, it has the ability to increase the nitrogen content of the soil, especially when the seeds are treated with bacterial preparations. Leaving the soil free of weeds and with increased fertility, soybeans are a very good precursor for autumn cereals, when early varieties are grown, leaving large amounts of nitrogen in the soil (80 - 120 kg / ha).( NIŢĂ, LUCIAN DUMITRU.2007) The paper aims to present soybean hybrids tested for introduction into culture and optimization of technological links in order to obtain high quality economic harvests. In this regard, four different hybrids were studied. The research took place in 2020 in Giera. In order to highlight the profitability of soybean cultivation, we considered it necessary to calculate the main indicators of economic efficiency.( MUNTEAN L.S. şi colab., 2008)

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cultivated, Glycine max, agricultural, soil, economic

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MODERN CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR RAPESEED ON A STAGNI – VERTIC LUVISOLS pag. 69-77

S. C. CURCHI, Simona NIȚA, L. D. NIȚA

Today, among oilseeds, rapeseed is on the 5th place in the ranking of edible oil production, rapeseed oil having wide uses in industry and food, but also in medicine. Rapeseed is an excellent crop plant. Rapeseed oil is the edible oil whose fatty acid profile is ideal in relation to our daily needs. It is extremely interesting especially because of the amount of alpha-linolenic acid, also called essential fatty acid, because it is indispensable for health, given that our body cannot synthesize it alone. This is a precursor to Omega-3. Rapeseed oil is a source of vitamin E, which gives it antioxidant and regenerating qualities, as it fights free radicals, neutralizing them. The research carried out in 2019-2020 led to obtaining important results both theoretically and practically related to this culture. The type of soil on which the experiment was placed is the vertical-stagnant preluvosol, medium loam / clay loam, on medium-fine swelling clays. The soil reaction is moderately acidic and weakly alkaline with pH values increasing from 5.45 in the A horizon to 8.19 in the C horizon. To make a contribution to the topic under study, the development of an intensive technology the following aspects were studied: - contributions on the structure of hybrids, leading to high yields, - Oil content of rapeseed hybrids - Oil production in cultivated hybrids

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technology, oil content, rapeseed

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WORLD BEER PRODUCTION AND HOPS USE pag. 78-84

Katarina DAMJANOVIĆ, Ivana VARGA

The main raw materials for beer production are beer malt (from barley or wheat), hops (Humulus lupulus L.), water, and yeast. Hop is perennial plant, dioecious plant, which means that each plant carries only male or only females’ flowers. Hops help to keep beer fresher, longer; help beer retain its head of foam—a key component of a beer's aroma and flavour and bitterness In the case of dioecious varieties, only female plants shall be taken, while male plants are not desirable. Hops give bitterness to beer and thus affect the aroma, for this reason the quality of hops significantly affects the quality of beer. Beer is a sparkling alcoholic beverage with a characteristic bitter taste and aroma of hops. It is consumed all over the world. It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed alcoholic beverages in the world. It is also the third most popular drink after water and tea. Europe, in general, consumes the most beer in the world. The country at the top is the Czech Republic, with 143.3 liters consumed (2019) per capita. The aim of this paper is to describe in which countries beer is most consumed and what the main use of hops in beer production is.

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hop, beer, beer production, hop use, world

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REPELLENT AND INSECTICIDE ACTIVITIES OF PLANTS EXTRACTS FROM SPONTANEOUS FLORA USING CONVENTIONAL AND INNOVATIVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES pag. 85-92

G. M. DARABAN 1, Marinela, BADEANU 2, Daniela, SUTEU 1*

In this study, we tested 14 plants from the native spontaneous flora to highlight the potential effects of repellents and insecticides on Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Of all the plants tested, only three of them had a good potential to determine an increased mortality (%) of adults and larvae of the species Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say after 168 h, in the order: Primula veris, Origanum vulgare and Achillea millefolium. The highest mortality (%) was observed after treatments with crude alcoholic extracts of Primula veris obtained by the method of extraction based on hot reflux (HAE) in the Soxhlet equipment, 90% in the case of larvae and 80% in adults, respectively. In order to make more efficient the extraction process, respectively to reduce the amount of solvent used as well as the extraction time, we tested another conventional technique, such as maceration (M) and one from the category of "environmentally friendly", ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), respectively. We also tried a combined technique: ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by maceration (UAE+M). The highest extraction degree (%) using UAE+M was achieved by the species Origanum vulgare which indicated 70% mortality in the case of adults, after 168h. Our results indicate that spontaneous flora could be successfuly used in combating the adults and larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.

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biopesticides, heat assisted extraction, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, Primula veris, ultrasound assisted extraction, vegetal extracts

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WORKING CAPACITY OF GRAIN HARVESTERS* pag. 93-97

A.DEMETER1, R.TRUȚAN1, V. NAGY2, Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, Casiana MIHUȚ1

Given that the technique of mechanization of grain harvesting has advanced a lot in time globally, the most important aspect to be addressed relates to the choice of optimal operating regimes that allow productivity and quality increases and cost reduction of mechanized harvesting. For this reason, a major aspect studied refers to the current state of agricultural grain harvesters. The analysis of specialized bibliographic sources reveals concerns in scientific research to improve self-propelled grain harvesters in order to bring them to the level of ever-increasing requirements on the qualitative and quantitative aspects of their working process. From the point of view of threshing, two variants of self-propelled combines for grain harvesting are distinguished: combines with tangential thresher (conventional combines) and combines with axial thresher (axial flow combines). For the proper functioning of self-propelled combines during work and for the reduction of grain losses, a series of technological adjustments is required. These adjustments are done before starting working and during the work, both in header and thresher. In order to highlight the importance of the study and to make it effective in the paper, a detailed documentation of the last types of threshers and cleaning systems is made below, taking into account that the productivity of the combines depends largely on the threshing flow and the separation capacity of the cleaning system. The study focuses on current upgrades in the construction of grain harvesters, which are fundamentally different from those previously manufactured.

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grain harvesters, productivity, quality, mechanized

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STUDIES ON THE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY OF FIVE MAIZE HYBRIDS IN THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM GIERA pag. 98-104

R. V. GLOGOVAN, S. C. CURCHI, Simona NIȚĂ, L. NIȚĂ

Corn is one of the most important crops due to its many uses. Grains are widely used in human nutrition, industry and animal feed. They are rich in non-nitrogenous extracts (68-69%), protein (over 10) and fat (4.5%). In addition, 1.8-2.7 l of oil and 3.6 kg of cakes result from embryos. The theme of the study has as main objective to contribute to the development of an intensive technology for this plant, in conditions of good soil and climate in Banat. The research carried out in the period 2019-2020 led to obtaining important results both theoretically and practically related to this culture. The research was carried out on a clay loam vertical preluvosol soil with a favorable climate for a wide range of agricultural crops. The general objective of the researches aims at the behavior of an assortment of corn hybrids created by the companies CORTEVA, KWS and LIMAGRAIN, in terms of the level of yields obtained and its quality. In order to highlight the behavior of the maize hybrids studied, determinations were made regarding: - grain production, depending on the hybrid (kg / ha); - mass of 1000 grains (g); - calculation of economic efficiency. The studied agricultural experience is monofactorial. The area under study is part of the Timiș Plain and is characterized by very good vegetation conditions for corn cultivation, being included in the very favorable cultivation area in our country.

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Technology, MMB, economic efficiency calculation

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STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE YIELD TRAITS ON THE YIELD CAPACITY OF SOME TRITICALE VARIETIES pag. 105-113

Gabriela GORINOIU1, Karina Roberta SUHAI1, Georgiana NEGRUȚ1, Alina AGAPIE1, Alina RUJA1, Giancarla VELICEVICI2

Triticale is the first synthetic cereal, the result of the cross between wheat (Triticum sp.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) being one of the greatest achivements obtained by man and a hardy crop with prolific growth and adaptation to various enviromental conditions that has been grown worldwide mainly for human food consumption and animal feed. The researches were performed in Agricultural Research-Development Station Lovrin during 2019 year, which is located in the northwest side of Banat, at almost equal distances from the cities of Timisoara and Arad (45-50 km). Biological material was composed of 10 varieties of autumn triticale (Plai, Titan, Stil, Haiduc, Negoiu, Pisc, Tulnic, Cascador, Utrifun and Vifor), that were created at National Agricultural Research and Development Institute Fundulea. In general, the studied varieties realise productions close to the average experience with insignificant differences. The amplitude of variability in the 10 triticale genotypes was 1133 kg/ha. The largest increases in production compared to the average experience was recorded in the varieties Plai (497 kg/ha) and Stil (330 kg/ha), without reaching the level of statistical assurance. According to the test of multiple comparisons, it results that any genotypes do it show significant differences in terms of triticale production, but are part of the same homogenity class A. The variation of production in the 10 triticale varieties under study was between 4177 kg/ha and 5300 kg/ha . The analysis of the yield was made by the perspective of yield elements (plant heigh, number of spike/m 2 , spike lenght, number of spikelets in spike, spike weight, grain weight and number of grains in spike) and how they influence the yield capacity of the autumn triticale varieties.

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triticale, yield capacity, yield traits

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BIOSTIMULATORS AND MECHANICAL STRESS ON MATTHIOLA INCANA (L.) R. BR. VARSOVIA VARIETIES pag. 114-123

Szilvia KISVARGA1, A. NEMÉNYI1, Dóra FARKAS1, L. ORLÓCI1

Biostimulators may open new avenues for alternative cultivation technologies for ornamentals. Dwarfing makes it possible to use new species and varieties in public areas. They can also be used as potted ornamental plants. During dwarfing, the habizus is more bushy and the internodes are shortened, which is commercially advantageous. Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. is an annual ornamental plant, which, although less significant in Hungary, is still bred and marketed by many companies worldwide. The effects of Bistep and thigmomorphogenesis are investigated in different ways with ‘Bona’, ‘Hala’ and ‘Mela’ cultivars of the Varsovia cultivar group. As a result of our measurements in previous years, that mechanical stress are proved by affects the morphological properties of plants, and the Bistep biostimulator strengthens the organ properties of the plant. In summary, in the case of the biostimulator-treated group, it was observed for several cultivars that the vegetative parameters produced significantly higher values than in the case of the control groups. Mechanical stress treatments significantly reduced the size of fresh root mass in all three cultivars compared to the control groups. It can be concluded that mechanical stimulation can be used in a greenhouse environment to change the growth rate and to produce marketable plants.

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annual; biostimulator, mechanical stress, seedling, thigmomorfogenesis

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THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MILK PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION IN A HIGH-PERFORMANCE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN HERD pag. 124-131

Adrienn Zsanett KRAJCSOVICS, A. RIBÁCS

The authors studied the relationships between the milk production and reproduction in a high performance Holstein-Friesian herd in Hungary (Békés County). The corrected lactation performance (calculated for 305 days) was above 10 thousand kg in the first lactation and later above 11 thousand kg. From the 2nd lactation, the FCM performance (calculated for 305 days and 4% fat) also exceeded 10 thousand kg. The effect of milk production (total lactation, corrected for 305 days, FCM) as well as the production of milk components (fat, protein) on the length of the service period and the fertility index was examined. The studied parameters influenced the length of the service period mainly in young (the first and second lactation) and older (the fourth and fifth lactation) cows, while there was less correlation in the third lactation cows. The strongest correlation was found with the length of lactation (r = 0.82-0.89) and the total lactation performance (r = 0.57-0.80). There was also a significant correlation with the ratio (%) of the performance in the first 100 days / total lactation (r = (-0.59)-(-0.78)). In young age, the milk protein production (r = 0.42-0.47), while in older cows the milk fat production (r = 0.47-0.59) had a stronger effect on the length of the service period. The fertility index was also most related to the length of lactation (r = 0.63-0.76) and the total lactation performance (r = 0.40-0.70).

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Holstein-Friesian, milk production, reproduction

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EXPLOITATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS IN GRASSLAND ANALYSIS. CASE STUDY* pag. 132-138

Margareta MĂGUREANU1, Loredana COPĂCEAN1, Luminiţa COJOCARIU1

The appearance and typology of the grasslands, in the hilly and mountainous areas, are in accordance with the characteristics of the relief (slope, exhibition), the climatic conditions and with the properties of the soils. In this context, the plants in the grassland habitats have undergone changes and have adapted to the subzones with particular conditions. The variability of the environmental conditions requires the detailed analysis of the grasslands by holistic methods, which should “combine” all the factors of the physical environment at any point on the investigated surface. The aim of the research was to extract relevant information in pratological studies, by processing three-dimensional models generated from altimetric models and topo-cadastral data. For the analysis of the grassland considered a case study, satellite images and topo-cadastral data were used. The processing and general mapping was done with ArcGIS 10.2.1 software (ArcMap and ArcScene) and Google Earth Pro. Essential data were considered: altimetric values, both point and in the form of continuous images (raster), slope of the terrain (length and slope), slope orientation; all these elements have a direct and indirect influence on the vegetation of the grassland. The research results show that the analyzed grassland from ATU Goruia, has an area of 296 ha, is arranged on two slopes on altitudinal levels, has different values of the slope depending on the terrain configuration and is demarcated by the forest line. The transversal profile, on an interval of 2.72 km, of the highest peak shows that at an altitude of 660 m a plateau is created, the minimum value being 394 m altitude on the slope with shaded exposures (average slope is 21.4% ) and 434 m altitude on the slope with sunny exposures (average slope is 19.0%). The analyzed grassland has three ridges, on one side of the slope dominates the exposure N, N-V and the other side of the slope is characterized by an exposure E and S-E. Biomass production and species diversity, as a specific expression of the respective ecotope, significantly reflect the relief character.

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grasslands, three-dimensional models, geospatial data, spatial analysis

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BLOCKING CIRCULATION AND ITS IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE pag. 139-147

V. MĂRĂZAN 1,2,*, Alexandra-Carmen BRAN3, Antoanela COZMA2, A.OKROS 2

The physical state of the atmosphere finds itself in continuous change. As such, it can be characterized as generating complex physical processes and out of these physical processes, a significant impact upon agriculture is imposed by severe weather events. All the heights that characterize the state of the atmosphere and of the oceans do possess a significant spatial but also temporal variability. At synoptic level, the atmospheric blocking circulation is determined by the persistence of very strong anticyclonic circulation, which extends on the entire tropospheric column. As such, the reorientation of the jet stream from its normal quasi-zonal circulation towards a polar direction is, as such, due to the jet stream’s barotropic structure. The main aim of this paper is to analyse and present a short climatology of the blocking circulation events in the time scale 2000-2005 and their influence on agriculture. Throughout this paper the main meteorological parameter which will be analysed is the geopotential surface at non divergent level (500 hPa). The atmospheric blocking circulation is at best detected in the upper surface of the atmosphere. As such the presence of a blocking circulation above a region is equivalent to the existence of a large area of high pressure, which is characterized as being slow compared to a low-pressure area. The mean latitude region is characterized as having westerly winds at the surface as well as in altitude. The study concludes that the appearance and the persistence of the atmospheric blocking circulation events may, in some extent explain, the persistent drought especially in Câmpia Română. Besides this, another important blocking circulation event, which occurred in March 2005, led to severe flooding in the western part of Romania.

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blocking circulation, agriculture, geopotential height, drought, flooding

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METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS FOR WHEAT YIELD IN THE WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 148-154

V. MĂRĂZAN 1,2,*, G.B. OKROS 2, Laura ŞMULEAC2, Antoanela COZMA2,*

The agricultural production of a country is mainly influenced by social, scientific, technological and climatological factors. By knowing the relationship between the meteorological factors and production rates is, as such, highly important with the agricultural management. The set of agrometeorological conditions in an agricultural year can determine the value of the harvest of a certain crop through the evolution of each meteorological parameter and according to the specific bioclimatic requirements of each phenological phase. As such, each meteorological event might or might not have a positive impact upon culture growth and as they deviate more and more from the optimal need, they can become risk factors, with different degrees of intensity. Wheat is the most important agricultural crop in Romania, both as a cultivated area and as an economic and social value. The ecological plasticity of this plant offers it the possibility to adapt in the most diverse climatic conditions. Apparently resistant to the action of unfavourable factors, offering satisfactory yields, wheat is very vulnerable to extreme values of the crop stress index, which can sometimes become risky and affect in different proportions the crop or even destroy it. The purpose of this paper is to present a short climatological analysis of the western part of Romania and the meteorological hazards imposed by the current climate towards the wheat yields.

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wheat yield, agriculture, climatology, weather hazards, risk factors

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NUTRITIONAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME LOCAL TOMATOES (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) ASSORTMENTS- pag. 155-160

Daniela-Florentina MARCU1, Luiza M. GHIGEANU 2,3, Denisa AIOANEI 3, Sofia POPESCU 2, Anișoara IENCIU 3

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate biochemical and nutritional characteristics of tomato varieties grown in the Gorj and Timis counties (the content of dry matter, ascorbic acid). A diet rich in fruits and vegetables (high in bioactive compounds) is correlated with a decreased risk of many degenerative diseases (such as cancer and cardiovascular disease) as well as related to lifestyle and aging diseases. Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) are fruits rich in bioactive substances, especially compounds with antioxidant character. The activity of these bioactive compounds is to combat the activity of free radicals (which are responsible for oxidative stress). Tomatoes are the most popular vegetable crop in the world. These vegetables are important due to their high contribution to human health and nutrition. The attractive color and flavor of tomato have made it a dietary staple in many parts of the world. Tomatoes and tomato products are rich in antioxidants, being a source of carotenoids, especially lycopene and phenolic compounds. Rich levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in tomato fruits provide health benefits for humans and also play an important role in some aspects of plant life. In this work, we investigated differences in moisture (water content), total dry matter, ash (total mineral content), and content in ascorbic acid (a bioactive constituent) of fruits of different tomato varieties grown in the Gorj and Timis counties collected from local farms during the first harvest.

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tomato, bioactive compound, ascorbic acid, mineral content

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ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS AND SUBSTRATES USED IN THE CULTIVATION OF PELARGONIUM SPECIES* pag. 161-164

Aurelia MIHUȚ, A MOISE, B. BOSTAN, Casiana MIHUȚ, Valeria CIOLAC

In the paper, we make a brief presentation of the ecological requirements of the Pelargonium species under the climatic conditions of Timiş County, Romania. We present climate factors, edaphic factors, and substrates used in geranium that are grown in pots, as well as care works specific to this species. Pelargonium species has the advantage that it can be cultivated both directly in the soil in the garden and in various pots. Research took place in Giarmata, Timiş County, Romania, on a vertic chernozem, and the substrates used were both mineral and organic materials as well as various mixtures. We used fine peat (TS3), river sand, fallow soil, vermiculite, and perlite for species cultivated in pots of different sizes and garden land, compost, barbel and river sand in the case of those cultivated directly in the soil. River sand has an important role in obtaining a good soil drainage and air and water supply capacity favourable to the cultivation of this species. The compost used was obtained from various household materials and vegetable residues and was treated with calcium carbonate (dust lime). The paper has a practical goal and presents the benefits of using culture substrates to help Pelargonium species to adapt more easily to those climate and edaphic factors specific to Giarmata, Timiş County, Romania, and earlier blossom in various dishes and to prolongate the flowering period.

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Pelargonium, ecological requirements, climate factors, edaphic factors, substrates

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VEGETATIVE MULTIPLICATION OPPORTUNITIES IN SEVERAL SPECIES OF PELARGONIUM IN A PRIVATE AREA FROM GIARMATA, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA* pag. 165-170

Aurelia MIHUȚ, Cosmina BOCA, C.L. CAUC, Casiana MIHUȚ, Cristina TOȚA

In the paper, we present vegetative propagation opportunities by cuttings in five species of Pelargonium in a private area in Giarmata, Timiş County, Romania. We monitored four species of Pelargonium rooting in various culture substrates, and as a control variant, we used sand. Research took place over a period of two years, 2019 and 2020. The rooting of the cuttings was made in the first half of July of each year, and the verification of the rooting was made in the second half of August. The plants were laid in boxes and left to hung in warm greenhouses and, in March, the rooted cuts were planted in a mixture of barbel and sand, in pots having a diameter of 10 cm. From each species, we took 20 pots and monitored the number of rooted cuttings from each species and substrate, we calculated the average and the relative value and the difference to the control. Data were processed by statistically calculus using variance analysis. Following the results, for production, we recommend the multiplication by cuttings of the zonal Pelargonium species, having as main stage attaching the cuttings in the perlite and sand + perlite substrates, in which the percentage of rooting compared to the control sand was the highest. For Pelargonium grandiflorum, we recommend multiplication by cuttings in peat and pearl + peat substrates, where higher rooting over the control was recorded. For Pelargonium peltatum, we recommend multiplication through cuttings in the peat substrate. In the species Pelargonium odoratissimum, we recommend multiplication with cuttings planted in the sand substrate, where the best results for Pelargonium production were obtained.

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Pelargonium, cuttings, vegetative multiplication, substrate, rooting

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THE USE OF PEDOLOGICAL INFORMATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SOIL RESOURCES IN SATU MARE COUNTY, ROMANIA* pag. 171-176

A.MOISE A.C. MIHUȚ, V. NAGY, Casiana MIHUȚ, A. OKROS

The survey area is 8.97 ha, divided into 3 cadastral plots, namely A 1201, L 1221 and A 865. We studied a series of chemical and physical soil properties in Satu Mare County, Romania. Of the chemical soil indices, we determined IN (%), P (ppm), K (ppm), pH, base saturation degree (V%) and the sum of the exchange bases (m.e./100 g soil), and the of physical soil indices, clay content. The topic studied is of real interest in terms of practical importance as, after the assessment of soil resources, practical solutions are identified, solutions that lead over time to a development of modern and sustainable agriculture and to the need to develop concepts to bring together economic and environmental approaches, thus leading to a common language and a systemic vision of its ecosphere and subsystems. The human factor is the one that uses natural resources in a specific way, not only to satisfy its strict biological needs but also to create the means of transforming the environment, to satisfy some requirements generated by social development. People have an extraordinarily high capacity to consume a series of products that the soil gives, so that man’s consumption of renewable resources takes place at a pace that often goes beyond the rhythm of restoration, i.e., overexploitation of these resources occurs, which can lead, in time, to exhaustion of soil resources. That is why we must always find practical solutions to help obtain high, good quality, low-cost production without exhausting existing soil resources.

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soil resources, pedological information, natural resources

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE DEGREE OF SIMILARITY / DIVERSITY FOR SOME MAIZE HYBRIDS CREATED AT ARDS LOVRIN pag. 177-186

Georgiana NEGRUȚ1,2, Dana SUBA1, T. SUBA1, B. VACARIU1, Karina SUHAI1, Gabriela GORINOIU1, Alina RUJA1,2

Maize (Zea mays L.) is cultivated all over the world (Bălan, 2017) due to its multiple uses in human nutrition, in the feeding of animals subjected to fattening (Cojocariu, 2005), in the starch, alcohol, oil, biofuel and some industries. cosmetics (Pîrvulescu et al., 2008, Ram Reddy and Jabeen, 2016). The expansion of maize cultivation in Europe is due not only to its nutritional qualities but also to its characteristics: high resistance to drought, fall, to some diseases and pests, a good use of fertilizers and water. The paper aims to assess the degree of similarity / diversity for a set of maize hybrids, obtained from inbred lines created at the Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin, regarding the production of stas / hectare kernels, under the given conditions, in order to select valuable hybrids, drought resistant. Twenty maize hybrids were analyzed as biological material, the experiment being arranged according to randomized blocks, with a density of 50,000 plants per ha-1. The analyzed maize hybrids had a different behavior, in response to climatic factors specific to 2020, the maximum value being recorded for the hybrid C20-7020 (10731 kg.ha-1). The mentioned hybrid differs significantly from the other ones, registering an increase of 37% compared to the experience average. The hybrid C18-7018 with a production of 9204 kg.ha-1 stas kernels is also approaching the maximum value. The results regarding the production of stas kernels per hectare for hybrids, classify the 20 maize hybrids studied on the basis of similarity in three classes. Maize breeding program, an applied and avant-garde science, has first-rate tasks in the future in order to create productive hybrids, adapted to the environmental conditions - respectively to the drought during the summer months specific to the studied area.

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Zea mays L., stas kernels production, drought resistance

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CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN RUSSIA* pag. 187-192

D. RASPOPIN1, Irina MINAKOVA2, L. DANCEA3*

It has been established that global investment in renewable energy has been growing steadily over the past ten years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the current position of Russia in the field of renewable energy production and to develop recommendations for the further development of renewable energy. As a result of the analysis, it is determined that almost all regions of the Russian Federation have opportunities for economically viable use of several types of renewable energy sources. The potential of renewable energy sources available in Russia will be able to provide one third of the annual energy needs of the domestic economy. At the same time, the study showed that Russia is currently not a leader in renewable energy production. The authors evaluated the current state in Russia in the field of hydropower, geothermal energy, solar energy, wind power plants, biomass, biogas and landfill gas. Renewable energy in Russia is underestimated in terms of its socio-economic and political importance. At present, Russia is implementing a raw materials model of development. A set of measures has been defined, the implementation of which will promote the development of renewable energy sources in Russia. The results of the study can be used in practical activities of public authorities in the development of strategic directions of innovation-oriented development of the Russian Federation.

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energy, renewable energy sources, energy efficiency, renewable energy

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STUDY ON THE NECESSITY OF THE OPERATION OF SOME RURAL CAR SERVICES IN A PANDEMIC CONTEXT* pag. 193-203

Lia-Sanda ROTARIU1, H. VASS1, Antoanela COZMA2, Elena TONEA1

The paper aims to analyze using mathematical methods, a statistical model, considering as a case study an AUTO service in rural areas so that, under restrictive conditions generated by COVID-19 and compared to similar periods in previous years, it was possible to optimize the profit obtained by to the company manager. The study was conducted based on a mechanical workshop, "Vest Transcom", from which we evaluated the correlation coefficient. The mechanical workshop is located in the rural area of Caraș-Severin County. The analyzed period was one month during the pandemic, respectively May 2021. The correlation coefficient is the one that measures the degree of independence between two quantities. Some of the parts in the workshop were highlighted. Their cost and the total cost of a mechanical repair were evaluated. The authors continued the study by analyzing the dependence of labor price, this time as a function of the total price of parts (primary and secondary) it was observed that the second-degree polynomial model better approximates the phenomenon, R2 = 0.85. The mathematical function that describes the analyzed model is of several variables, so the factors generated favorable opinion for the business by the age of the car park in rural areas and the distance to large cities with CAR REPRESENTATIONS for different brands. From the statistical interpretation of the experimental data which represents a sample of the total parts contained in the ”Vest Transcom” workshop, we can conclude that the ratio between the costs of parts and the repair price induced by the exchange of a certain one is the best possible because the correlation coefficient has a positive value less than 1. Given the pandemic context, the mechanical workshop "Vest Transcom" worked very well, given that the car fleet from the rural area mostly includes old cars, which always need maintenance and upkeep, even if people have travelled less, there were still many cars to be repaired, so it is very necessary to have car workshops in the rural areas.

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rural environment, mechanical workshop, mathematical analysis

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FIRST REPORT OF THE APHIS NERII SPECIES BOYER OF FONSCOLOMBES (INSECT: HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN ROMANIA pag. 204-214

Ramona ȘTEF1, A. CĂRĂBEȚ1, Ioana GROZEA1, R. ȘTEF1, Ana-Maria VÎRTEIU1, L. MOLNAR1, D. MANEA1

The purpose of this paper is to report the presence of a new pest on the territory of Romania. The new species identified is Aphis nerii (Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841), also known as oleander aphid or milkweed aphid, is included in the Order Hemiptera, Suborder Sternorrhyncha, Family Aphididae. The origin of the species is uncertain, although it is attributed as an area of origin the Mediterranean Basin, considered the area of origin of its main host plant (Oleander - Nerium oleander). Aphis nerii is a cosmopolitan species (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia-Oceania, South America. Milkweed aphids are also present on the European continent, being a relatively new species, most reports being recorded after 2013. The presence of milkweed aphid in Europe can be associated with the introduction of the invasive species Asclepias syriaca. Aphis nerii is a polyphagous species, attacking ornamental, cultivated and spontaneous plant species from 19 families (Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Caricaceae, Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Rutaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Vitaceae, etc.). The observations made on the Romanian territory, in 2020, highlighted the presence of the species Aphis nerii on the plants of Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed). The damage caused by aphid milkweed is expressed by the qualitative depreciation of the plants, delays of the plant growth, the production of honey dew and improving the occurrence of phytopathogenic fungi. The information presented, regarding polyphagism and damages caused by Aphis nerii, is enough to conclude that it is necessary to study this species in Romania, to establish the spread, host plants, damages caused and as well to investigate proper control methods.

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Aphis nerii, Asclepias syriaca, pest, first reporting

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PERFORMING THE PLOUGHING* pag. 215-219

A.STOICA1, R. TRUȚAN1, V. NAGY2, Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, A. OKROS

Agriculture, with all its branches, is one of the few economic branches that has a positive energy balance under the conditions in which it must ensure, in quantitative and qualitative terms, the vital element for the existence of an increasing number of people: food. The main ways of reducing energy consumption in agriculture are the choosing properly the energy base in the agricultural holdings; reducing chemical fertilizer consumption in favour of natural ones; reducing herbicides and pesticides technologically; using conservative soil work systems; increasing the energy efficiency of agricultural aggregates; reducing harvest losses; and optimizing mechanization technologies. Ploughing is the basic work of the soil, performed with a plough and consisting in the turning of the furrow, soil aerating, crushing, and levelling. To accomplish this operation, the plough has a long iron that cuts the furrow laterally and detaches it from the rest of the soil, a furrow that breaks the furrow at its lower part and an earth-board that lifts and turns the furrows into smaller soil parts. Ploughing aerates the soil on a certain depth, creating an optimal ratio between the capillary and non-capillary lacunar spaces. It incorporates stubble, plant debris and fertilizers. This is how the soil is enriched in organic matter and restored, to some extent, in humus. The weeds are destroyed by incorporating both vegetal parts and seeds. Some weed seeds incorporated in deeper soil can no longer reach the surface. Good conditions for the accumulation of water in the soil from the falling precipitation are, thus, created. If the water is in excess, more wavy and deeper ploughing reduces excess water.

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agricultural aggregates, tractor steering, ploughing, performing

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OCCURRENCE AND BIODIVERSITY CHARACTERISATION OF INSECT PESTS FROM AN OLD ALMONDS ORCHARD IN WESTERN ROMANIA* pag. 220-226

Isabela SZONYI (RECHIȚEAN)1,2, D. RECHIȚEAN2, Ioana GROZEA1, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU1

Almond (Amygdalus communis), is the most produced tree nut crop globally, with total production exceeding 1.3 million metric tons (INC 2020; RIJAL et al., 2021). Being a globally expanding crop lately, due to climate change caused by global warming, but also due to the growing demand for almond kernels (global demand has increased by 220%) - which leads to a potentially high profit, farmers' interest in this walnut, has also taken shape in Romania. In the world, the annual yield losses, in the case of almond orchards, due to the attack of diseases and pests can reach 20-30%. Studies on the taxonomy and diversity of harmful insects in almond orchards obviously have a large number of pests often found in Romania and around the world. Methods of direct observations and colored adhesive traps are used to collect specimens. Insects in the present study were collected from April to September 2021, with a decadal frequency, from an almond orchards located in Lovrin Development Research Station (Timiș, Romania). A number of 324 insect were collected and classified in two different orders (Hemiptera and Lepidoptera). The most abundant were the species belonging to the Aphididae family. Also, a high abundance presented the Diaspididae family.

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occurrence, biodiversity, insects, almonds orchard, western Romania

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BIOVEGETAL WASTES USED AS BIOSORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS FROM WASTEWATER pag. 227-232

Alexandra TANASA1, Daniela SUTEU1*

One of the directions of recovery of vegetable waste from various industrial processes is represented by their use as an adsorbent material for the retention of chemical pollutants (organic dyes and metal ions) from wastewater. In this context, we aimed to test the biosorptive potential of some vegetal waste remaining after obtaining vegetal extracts by liquid-solid extraction (using ethanol 96%), from some plants, such as: Primula veris, Achillea millefolium, Origanum vulgare and Artemisia absinthium, extracts used as biopesticides. This type of biosorbent was used for biosorption the reactive Orange 16 dye and Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions, using a batch system. In order to evaluate the biosorbive potential of this materials, the influence of certain physical parameters such as temperature, pH solution, amount of biosorbent, dye/ metal ion concentration and phases contact time were investigated in case of biosorption process of Orange 16 dye / Cu (II) metal ions.The obtained results confirm that the studied vegetal wastes can be considered as promising biosorbent to retain organic dyes and metal ions from aqueous media. Therefore, the studies will be continued with the modeling of the biosorption equilibrium based on isotherms from the literature, thermodynamic determinations and kinetic studies. biosorption, dye retention, metal ions removal, vegetal waste as biosorbent

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biosorption, dye retention, metal ions removal, vegetal waste as biosorbent

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MICROBIAL RESIDUAL BIOMASS AS BIOSORBENT FOR CHEMICAL POLLUTANT RETENTION FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA pag. 233-238

Alexandra TANASA1, Alexandra Cristina BLAGA1, Daniela SUTEU1*

Among the directions of capitalization of residual microbial biomass resulting in fermentation processes (biosynthesis or food industry), it can be considered its use in immobilized form in various natural polymers as a biosorbent for retaining chemical species polluting the aqueous environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the biosorption properties of immobilized residual microbial biomass by encapsulation in sodium alginate to retain the anionic reactive organic dye Brilliant Red HE-3B in a batch system of aqueous solutions. In order to evaluate the biosorption potential of the studied biomass, the influence of certain physical parameters such as temperature, pH of the solution, quantity and size of biosorbent particles, initial dye concentration and phase contact time were investigated. The obtained results confirmed that the biosorption capacity of the studied biomass increases with the temperature and the contact time of the phases until reaching an equilibrium, has high values in acidic environment due to the anionic character of the retained chemical species and depends on the amount of biosorbent used, particle size. Thus, it can be said that the studied residual biomass encapsulated in sodium alginate could be an efficient way to obtain new types of biosorbents with applicability in retaining textile organic dyes from industrial effluents before discharging them into sewage systems or recirculating them in different technological processes. In this sense, the study of biosorption processes can be complemented by modelling the biosorption equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies to establish the biosorption mechanism and identify the optimal conditions for the use of industrial processes.

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aqueous media, biosorption, dye retention, encapsulation, residual biomass

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OSTRICH REPRODUCTION BEHAVIOR UNDER FARMING CONDITIONS - pag. 239-244

Rebeca TOMUTA1, Olga RADA1, Liana Mihaela FERICEAN1

This study describes the ostrich reproduction behavior under farming conditions, observed during reproduction seasons. Behavioral observations were made in an intensive farm from Romania who implemented the trio breeding system that includes a male and two ostrich females. The main categories of identified behavior at captive ostrich were: courtship, feeding behavior, drinking, lithophagia, walking, resting and aggression. Both the male and major female participating in incubation and chick care. Presence of eggs incited ostriches to sit in the nest, because of this all the eggs were collected and hatched artificially. In early spring, complex courtship rituals begin, performed by both males and females, who spend about 30% of their time. Resting behavior is observed when ostrich stopped moving from doing any activities. The time spent at rest was about 25%. Locomotion behavior includes walking and running. Walking (20%) was the most frequent locomotion behavior observed. Regarding the feeding behavior of the breeding families, the highest share were fed with green fodder about 7% while concentrated food was 6%. During the breeding period, the male is very protective and guards his territory and nest and the aggressiveness towards the caretaker is high 4% when collecting eggs, precautions must be taken during the collection of eggs and at males kept in neighboring shelters. Understanding the ostrich reproduction behavior under farming conditions is a vital step in improving their welfare.

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reproduction behavior, ostrich, captivity

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN CONTEXT FOR THE USE OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE pag. 245-251

Ramona TOPORAN1, I.SAMFIRA 1

At European level, Directive 2018/2001 / EU on energy from renewable sources is the legal framework for its development in all sectors of the EU economy. Among the other sources, biomass for energy (bioenergy) continues to occupy a leading place in the EU, with a share of almost 60%. Biomass energy can be used for heating, electricity and transport fuels, contributing to economic growth, job creation and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Biomass production takes place from the growth of raw materials to the final conversion of energy, but ultimately renewable energy in biomass must meet the sustainability criteria. At present, sustainability criteria are regulated for agricultural biomass that does not have to come from forests with high forest biodiversity. The process of producing pellets consists of subjecting the very fine dry biomass to high pressures and temperatures, and the compression is done through a hole of a few millimeters where small cylinders are produced which are cut to the desired length and then cooled. The pellets have a cylindrical shape, with a diameter between 6-10 mm and 10-30 mm in length, are easy to handle, represent a dense fuel in energy (650 kg / m3 bulk density), and the use of local resources in the production of pellets makes a concrete contribution to environmental change.

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biomass, pellets, energy, sustainability

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PREPARING GERMINATION BEDS WITH A HARROW* pag. 252-256

R. TRUȚAN1, I. TRUȚAN, V. NAGY2, Anișoara DUMA COPCEA1, Casiana MIHUȚ1

Labour efficiency depends primarily on the degree of mechanization in agriculture, as the use of agricultural machinery and equipment has the effect of increasing labour productivity, relieving physical labour, and reducing production costs substantially, thus contributing to increased agricultural productions. Machines in agriculture, as in other areas of activity, are fixed funds whose use leads to a significant increase in labour productivity, to a reduction in living labour expenses. The specific nature of the use of land as the main means of production in agriculture as a particular influence on the use of agricultural machinery. Agricultural machines need to correspond to the following requirements from the points of view of their structure and use: ensure qualitative working indices corresponding to the requirements of modern agriculture; execute at the same time as many as possible technological work operations; be multifunctional, i.e., to allow different working equipment to be attached to the base machine; be highly reliable; be able to execute high precision works without any loss of materials or crops; ensure the mechanization of all operations in the technological processes of production with high operating coefficients and at low production costs. Agricultural machines are fundamentally different from the machines used in other branches of the economy, especially those used in the manufacturing industry, because they work with live organisms (plants), with non-homogeneous materials in which different physical, chemical, and biological processes occur. This requires something specific only to agricultural machines, namely, that technological processes executed by them to create optimal conditions for plant development, according to agro-biological requirements for agricultural production purposes.

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agricultural machinery, germination bed, mechanization, agriculture

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DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL SPRAYING MACHINES IN GRAPEVINE* pag. 257-262

F. USCAT1, R.TRUȚAN1, V. NAGHY2, Anișoara Duma Copcea1, A. OKROS1

Controlling diseases, pests and weeds in vineyards can be done by several means, of which, agrotechnical means, which are easy to reach for viticulturists, give good results and are relatively cheap, but require a very high volume of works; biological means, which consist in controlling vegetable pests using other insects or birds as enemies; chemical means, which are based on the use of pesticides. The last ones have gained increasing importance because, with minimum efforts and expenses control is achieved more easily than by other means. The application of pesticides to control diseases, pests and weeds can be done in various forms, such as: dry treatments, when powders are used to dusty vine; wet treatments, applied by spraying and involving the use of pesticides in the form of solutions, suspensions or emulsions. Pesticides are classified, depending on their destination, in herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Herbicides are chemicals that, applied on the ground or plants, cause their death. In relation to the crops on which these herbicides are applied, they must not harm their growth and development, but they have pronounced effects on weeds. Fungicides are pesticides used in controlling diseases. They may be mineral substances (sulphur, copper sulphate, copper oxychloride, mercury chloride, etc.), organic-mineral compounds or organic compounds. Most fungicides are applied preventively, prior to the occurrence of the disease. Insecticides are pesticides used to control pests. They are classified in three groups, according to their main action, namely: ingestion, contact and breathing.

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control spraying machines, grapevine, pesticides

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IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF DEFORESTED AREAS IN THE MARAMURES MOUNTAINS NATURAL PARK USING SATELLITE IMAGES pag. 263-270

Milena VOINOV, Florina-Gabriela AVRAM, L.-O. DRAGOMIR

Protected areas are terrestrial or aquatic surfaces specially designed to protect and maintain the biodiversity, natural resources and related cultural resources. In Romania there are 16 natural parks: Apuseni (Alba County, Bihor and Cluj), Porțile De Fier (Caraș-Severin County and Mehedinți), Grădiștea Muncelului-Cioclovina (Hunedoara county), Bucegi (Argeș county, Brașov, Dâmbovița and Prahova), Balta Mică a Brăilei (Brăila County), Vânători Neamț (Neamț County), Lunca Mureșului (Arad County and Timiș), Lunca Joasă a Prutului Inferior (Galați County), Comana (Giurgiu County), Dinosaur Geopark Țara Hațegului (Hunedoara county), Maramureș Mountains (Maramureș County), Plateau Mehedinți Geopark (Mehedinți County), Putna-Vrancea (Vrancea County), The Superior Mureș Gorge (Mureș County), Cefa (Bihor County), Văcărești (Bucharest). Maramures Mountains Natural Park is a protected area of national interest, which corresponds to the 5th category of IUCN (terrestrial landscape herbal park), being a protected area in which the interaction between humans and nature over time has produced an area with a distinctive character, with ecological, biological, cultural and aesthetic value. The massive deforestation in Maramureș Mountains Natural Park led us to analyze the evolution of the park using satellite images, so we chose the reference data from the past 20 years. The satellite images clearly show how the forest has been exploited. The EU set the goal to halt the loss of biodiversity in Natura 2000 protected areas by 2020, but a few months before the deadline, the images show the total destruction a vast surface near the park and its protected area.

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Protected areas, biodiversity, natural resources, International Union for Conservation of Nature, deforestation, satellite images

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RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANOMINERAL FERTILIZATION ON THE HARVEST AND QUALITY OF POTATO TUBERS IN THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE BOZOVICI DEPRESSION, PATAŞ TERRITORY pag. 271-275

Ioana Alina HÎNDA, Florin IMBREA

The research was carried out between 2019 and 2021 in the Bozovici Depression, Pătaș territory, located in the west of the country. The climate of the area is characterized by average annual temperatures between 9 - 100C, with not too hot summers and moderately harsh winters. The multiannual average of atmospheric precipitation varies between 670 – 750 mm. The soil type was eutric semicarbonate alluviosol. The texture is coarse sandy loam between 0-120 cm, the soil reaction is slightly alkaline with pH-7.6, the humus content 2.72%, the nitrogen index (IN) 2.66, the degree of saturation in bases 97.7 %. The effect of variable doses of nitrogen applied on a constant background of phosphorus and potassium administered alone and on backgrounds of manure and green manures was investigated. The synthesis results of the 3 experimental years show that on average the 4 gradations of the nitrogen dose (N100, N120, N140, N160), applied on a constant background of P90K90 gave a harvest of 24,676 kg/ha tubers. In the variant in which the same doses of mineral fertilizers were applied on a basis of 20 tons/ha of manure, the harvest was 28,833 kg/ha tubers, so higher by 16%, respectively the increase in the harvest was 4157 kg/ha Ha. In the variant in which fertilization was done with the same doses of mineral fertilizers, but on the basis of green fertilizers, the increase was only 10%, respectively 2487 kg/ha. On average over the 3 graduations, fertilization only with mineral fertilizers, the fund in which mineral fertilizers were applied together with manure and respectively with green fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizers increased the yield by 10% compared to the N100 variant in the N120 variant, by 20% in the N140 variant and by 35% in the N160 variant. The yield differences were assured as very significant. The paper also covers the evolution of starch content and production.

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potato, organomineral fertilization

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WHEAT YIELD RESULTS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF N, P, K FERTILIZATION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE 2019-2020 FROM SDE TIMIŞOARA pag. 276-281

POP (Kovacs) Cecilia Iuliana, IMBREA Florin

Increasing yields per unit area is the most important objective for increasing agricultural raw material production for the food industry. A fundamental contribution to the increase in production per unit area is made by the level of N, P and K fertilisation and optimal soil and climatic conditions for exploiting the productive potential of the cultivated variety. Nutrition management is one of the approaches to improve crop yields. Wheat depletes nutrients from the soil, so if it is not properly fertilised, soil fertility starts to decline. Therefore, fertiliser applications are essential to maintain a positive nutrient balance by replacing nutrients that are absorbed and lost during the crops.The high ecological plasticity of wheat and its constant production means that farmers are still very interested in this crop. Growers are also interested in the crop with the highest yield per unit area. The aim of the paper is to highlight the production results of Ciprian wheat variety obtained in the soil and climatic conditions of the Experimental Didactic Station of 2019-2020, under the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization in order to determine the growers to choose the optimal wheat fertilization option. The interaction between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium resulted in a significant increase in yield.

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cultivars, fertilization, soil and climatic conditions, yield components

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RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF PERIOD AND PLANTING DENSITY OBTAINED IN POTATOES ON BOZOVICI DEPRESSION IN THE EXPERIMENTAL CYCLE 2019 – 2021 pag. 282-286

Ioana Alina HÎNDA, Florin IMBREA

The research was carried out in the Bozovici Depression, also called "Almăju Country", located in the western part of Romania. The average annual temperature is 9.30C. During the potato growing season, spring is characterized by an average temperature of 9.70C, summer 18.30C, and autumn 9.40C. The average amount of precipitation, per season, is 163.8 mm in spring, 225.7 mm in summer, and 152.5 mm in autumn. The multiannual average of precipitation varies between 670 – 750 mm. The soil type in the experimental field is a semicarbonate eutric alluvium with a loamy-sandy texture, pH 7.6, a humus content of 2.72% and a degree of base saturation of 97.7%. The experience was bifactorial, in which factor A was the planting period (a1: 10 – 15.III, a2: 20-25.III. a3: 1 – 10.IV.) and factor B – planting density with graduations b1 :55,000; b2.: 60.00; b3: 65.000; b4: 70,000. The variety studied was Gared, from the late maturity group. The synthesis of the harvest results from the three experimental years, depending on the variant studied, had an amplitude between 27,031 kg/ha in the variant in which the planting was done between 1 - 10.IV. with the density of 55,000 nests/ha and between 36,511 kg/ha and 36,474 kg/ha in the version in which the planting was done between 20 and 25.III., with the density of 65,000 and 70,000 nests/ha. On average, on the variants studied, the highest harvests were recorded in the variants when the planting was done between 20 - 25.III. The average planting density over the three planting periods led to the following harvests: 29,240 kg/ha in the variant with 55,000 nests/ha, 31,498 kg/ha in the variant with 60,000 nests/ha, 34,229 kg/ha in the variant with 65,000 nests/ha and 33. 263 kg/ha in the version with 70,000 nests/ha. The starch content in the studied area was between 17.3 and 18.0%. The highest starch production of over 6000 kg/ha was achieved when planting was carried out between 20 and 25.III. with 65,000 nests/ha

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potato – the period and density of planting the crop

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