Rjas

Vol 51, No 3 (2019)

A COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING THE USE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES WITH DIFFERENT POWERS pag. 3-6

Cosmina BOCA, Adrian MURA, Radu ILEA, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA

In this paper, we present the results of a comparative study of the internal combustion engines used to the operation of machines from agriculture, transport and industry. Internal combustion engines convert the kinetic energy of the combustion gases into mechanical energy, by the action of their own pistons that have an alternative translation motion. Through the connecting rods the translation motion becomes a rotation motion of the crankshaft. At the four-stroke cycle, the succession of the processes is carried out at four piston strokes, i.e. at two rotations of the crankshaft. The periodic resumption of the motor cycle requires the emptying of the cylinders of the combustion gases, followed by the filling of the cylinders with another air-fuel mixture. The caloric energy, produced by the combustion of the fuel, is converted into mechanical energy by 25-40%, which represents the yield of the internal combustion engine. The power transmitted by the internal combustion engine, through the crankshaft, is given by the product between the torque and the engine speed. The increase of the power can be achieved by two ways: by increasing the maximum speed or by increasing the torque. The speed increase is limited by the mechanical strength of the moving parts, so this solution is not sustainable. Increasing the torque can be done in two ways: by increasing the engine displacement or by turbocharging of the engine. Increasing the engine displacement results in increased engine mass, increased fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The turbocharger causes the mass of the fuel mixture in the cylinder to increase, respectively increasing the engine power. In conclusion, to increase the power of an internal combustion engine, the mass of the engine and / or the speed of the crankshaft must be increased. Taking into account of these, were analyzed the technical and functional characteristics for several types of internal combustion engines. The parameters analyzed in this study were: the engine power, the engine speed, the engine torque, the engine displacement, mass of the engine, fuel consumption, ratio of engine mass to engine power, ratio of engine speed to engine power. The conclusions and recommendations resulting from this study refer to the optimal use of internal combustion engines in different fields of activity.

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internal combustion engine, power, speed, torque, mass, fuel consumption

Presentation: oral

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BEHAVIOUR OF MONARDA DIDYMA SPECIES CULTIVATED UNDER THE SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS OF THE DIDACTIC STATION IN TIMIŞOARA, ROMANIA pag. 7-13

Bojinescu(căs. Botoş) FLORINA-NICOLETA, Pop GEORGETA

Medicinal plants are a category of plant species that accumulate, in certain parts of the plant, various active principles useful in treating various conditions. Medicinal plants in various forms have served health since the beginning of the world. With the development of the chemical industry, some popular remedies have been given a different form, have been modernized. Most of the time, the effect of using medicinal plants is slow, requiring longer, but less risky and cheaper treatment. The effect of medicinal plants is more complex, acting on several organs or systems concurrently. Medicinal plants have fewer and much lower side effects. [Pop G. 2001, Fraternale D. 2006,Lawrence B.M.]. Therapeutic essential oils are very concentrated natural substances; they are volatile, biologically active and very effective from a therapeutic point of view. Essential oils are obtained from plants by a method of distillation in most cases, under special conditions of pressure and temperature. Following this process, the plants release some volatile biologically active components from their flowers, leaves, branches, roots, bark or seeds. [Baratta M.T1998, , Burt S.2004, Dean S. G. 1987]. Most essential oils contain components with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Monarda didyma is an herbaceous plant, whose healing properties were known in Antiquity. The flower is often used as a medicine, as well as added to food in the form of spices. Monarda didyma came to our country in the 19th century and, for a long time, it had a decorative purpose. Today, the plant is widely used for treating various conditions, for strengthening the immune system, and for solving cosmetic problems. It is a very useful plant. [Rus C.F. 2013, Bojor O. 2009]. The name of this genre was given by the 18th-century physicist and Swedish physician, Karl Linné, in honour of the Spanish researcher and doctor Nicholas Monardes of the 16th century, who published a 1574 paper on new plants of America. [Yvone Y. 2012] Genus: Monarda, Family: Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae), Subfamily: Nepetoideae, Tribe: Mentheae, Subtribe: Menthinae. The plant contains biologically active compounds and auxiliary components. Bioactive elements are turpentines – substances in the composition of essential oil [Bojor O. 2005, Suhaj M. 2006]. Some varieties of Monarda didyma contain characteristic substances that mimic the taste and smell of peppermint and lemon. It has been scientifically proven that prolonged use of Monarda didyma -based drugs is not dependent. The comprehensive treatment of a number of diseases with this plant and antibiotics accelerates recovery.

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Monarda didyma, essential oil, dry herba, soil and climate conditions

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE ECOTOXIC EFFECTS OF CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN TO COMMON DUCKWEED (LEMNA MINOR L.) pag. 14-20

Bianca-Vanesa BOROS1*, Nathalie Iris GRAU2, V. OSTAFE1

Carboxymethyl chitosan is a hydrophilic modification of chitosan by carboxymethylation, which is a polysaccharide obtained from chitin through deacetylation. Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide, is a natural polymer made from chains of N-acetyl D-glucosamine and it is found in the exoskeletons of insects, the cell walls of fungi, and cephalopod beaks. As chitin is insoluble in all regular solvents such as water, organic solvents, mild acidic or basic solution, etc., it is deacetylated to obtain chitosan, which is soluble in dilute aqueous acidic solution (pH<6.5). Chitosan has wide biological applications due to its properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, thus the use of acids for the solubilization might induce a toxic effect of the chitosan. By carboxymethylation, chitosan becomes soluble in water at neutral pH, thus no acids are required for solubilization. Due to the potential pollution of the environment caused by the broad medical and pharmaceutical application of carboxymethyl chitosan, the assessment of its ecotoxicity is essential. The ecotoxicological effects of carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) were assessed using a growth inhibition assay on Lemna minor (duckweed) conducted according the OECD 221 guideline, followed by fresh and dry weight determination. Ten concentrations of CMCS (1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.001%, 0.005%, 0.0001%, 0.0005%, 0.00001% and 0.00005%) were tested, with 35 duckweed fronds per replicate. After 7 days, the number of fronds (green and chlorosed) and colonies were assessed, the fronds were weighted, after blotting on paper for fresh weight determination, and were kept at 60˚C until no weight change was recorded, for dry weight determination. The results showed both green frond number and total frond number increased with decrease in CMCS concentration. The colony number and the number of fronds with chlorosis decreased with the concentration. Only the highest two concentration (1% and 0.5%) inhibited the growth of fronds, while the other concentrations showed no inhibition, on the contrary, promoting the growth. Regarding the dose-response curve, the calculated E50 value for CMC was 3000.6 mg/L, a high concentration that is not considered toxic.

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ecotoxicity, common duckweed, carboxymethyl chitosan

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PRELIMINARY RESULTS ON THE ECOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ACETIC ACID TO COMMON DUCKWEED (LEMNA MINOR L.) pag. 21-29

Bianca-Vanesa BOROS1*, Nathalie Iris GRAU2, V. OSTAFE1

Acetic acid has a wide range of applications in fields as food industry, in chemistry, in chemical industry and in medicine. Due to its numerous applications in several industries, the pollution of the environment with acetic acid is possible, thus the assessment of its ecotoxicity is imperative. The ecotoxicity of acetic acid was assessed using a growth inhibition assay on duckweed (Lemna minor L.) followed by the determination of fresh and dry weight. The growth inhibition assay and the weight and measurements were conducted in accordance with the OECD 221 guideline on duckweed cultivated under standard conditions. Ten concentrations of acetic acid were tested (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.005%, 0.0025%, 0.0005%, 0.00025%, 0.00005% and 0.000025%). For each replicate, 35 fronds of duckweed were maintained under standard conditions for 7 days, when the number of green fronds, fronds with chlorosis and colonies were assessed. The fronds were then weighted after blotting on paper for the fresh weight measurements. For the dry weight measurements, the fronds were maintained at 60˚C until no weight change was recorded. The average specific growth rate and water content were also calculated from the obtained data. Dose-response curves were plotted based on both total number of fronds and percent inhibition of growth rate with the concentrations of acetic acid, thus enabling the calculation of the median effective concentration (EC50) and median inhibition of growth (ErC50). The results showed that the four highest concentration caused a 100% growth inhibition of duckweed. The total number of fronds, green fronds and colonies increased with the decrease in concentration, while the number of fronds with chlorosis decreased. The five highest concentrations inhibited the growth rate similarly to the positive control, while the five lowest concentrations tested had very low inhibitory effect. Only the highest two concentration cause a decrease of percent water content. Regarding the two dose-response curves, the calculated EC50 and ErC50 values were similar, being 38.8 mg/L and 39.4 mg/|L, respectively. All results showed that acetic acid did affect the common duckweed fronds.

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ecotoxicity, common duckweed, acetic acid

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UPDATE OF LAND BOOKS: "MODUAT" INTER-COUNTY, FOLLOWING MODIFICATION OF THE ATU LIMIT, AS WELL AS THE COUNTY LIMIT pag. 30-38

Dinu BULIGA1, Adrian ŞMULEAC1

Following the modification of the boundaries of the territorial administrative units (UAT), but also of the county limits, the land books are influenced on a case-by-case basis, so that it is updated through documentation.The present work was done for the purpose of inscribing the C1 construction – "Wind power plant" in a book land affected by the UAT limit change; on the building CFE 30157 outside the built-up area of Toplet, UAT Toplet, following the measurements and the office operations, a documentation on interrupted flow, on service code: MODUAT with deposit at BCPI Caransebes / OCPI Caras-Severin, in order to update according to the new UAT limits, building CFE 30157 Toplet, UAT Toplet passing Orsova (out of town), UAT Orsova, according to the limits of E-Terra III.The "MODUAT" documentation obtains both the location and delimitation plan (PAD) targeted by the Office of cadaster and real estate advertising Caras-Severin on the outside the built-up area of Orsova, UAT Orsova (which belongs to OCPI Mehedinti). By using this PAD, the documentation will be submitted on the code “2.1.1 – First real estate registration" + "2.6.1 – Construction registration" at BCPI Orsova / OCPI Mehedinti, containing a specification in the technical memory that the building is also affected by the modification of the UAT limit. The proof is the PAD endorsed by OCPI Caras-Severin.As a result, the cadastral inspector allocates a new cadastral number and a new land book number of the building “CFE 30157 Toplet, UAT Toplet”, namely CFE 54023 outside the built-up area of Orsova, UAT Orsova and also inscribes in the new land book the building C1-54023 – "Wind power plant", thus issuing: End of admission of land book CFE 54023 Orsova, UAT Orsova, Information extract of the land book CFE 54023 Orsova, UAT Orsova as well as the Plan of location and delimitation of the building CFE 54023 Orsova, UAT Orsova.In order to avoid double evidence, following the allocation of the new cadastral number and the new land book number on UAT Orsova, by BCPI Orsova / OCPI Mehedinti, according to UAT and county limits based on E-Terra III data, the beneficiary of the documentation of "MODUAT", respectively "First real estate registration" request to terminate the land book no. 30157 Toplet, UAT Toplet at BCPI Caransebes on the code "2.4.1 – Deletions" + the code "2.5.1M – Material error correction". The application will display the following: End of book admission land CFE 54023 Orsova; the site and delimitation plan (PAD) targeted by the Cadastre Office and real estate advertising Caras-Severin on the built-up area outside Orsova, UAT Orsova; the site plan and delimitation (PAD) targeted by the Office of cadaster and real estate advertising Mehedinti on Orsova, UAT Orsova as well as a copy after the identity document, following that at the term assigned to the request the chief registrar should order the cessation of land book no. 30157 Toplet, UAT Toplet.

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UAT, MODUAT, First real estate registration, Construction registration

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REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES ON THE MECHANIZATION OF ROMANIAN AGRICULTURE pag. 39-48

Aurelian BULIGA-ȘTEFĂNESCU1

The mechanization of agriculture plays a fundamental role from a technical, financial and social point of view for sustainable development. Investments in high-performance agricultural machinery ensure cost reduction, increase soil quality processings and reduce environmental pollution. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the technical endowment with agricultural equipment of the Romanian farmers during 1990-2018. The following statistical indicators were studied for the analysis: the number of agricultural tractors, tractor plows, mechanical cultivators, mechanical seeders, chemical fertilizer spreaders, mechanical traction and dusting machines, self-propelled grain harvesters, self-propelled harvesters, harvester combines and potato harvesting machines, balers for straw and hay baling, and windrowers for fodder harvesting. The period analyzed was divided into two intervals: 1990-2006 pre-accession to the EU and 2007-2018 - post-accession to the EU. The limitation of the research consists in the fact that there are no statistical data regarding the number of obsolete machines which are used as scrap iron. Purchasing a 200 hp tractor meant scrapping three U650 tractors. Consequently, the pollution level was significantly reduced. A clear picture of the agricultural machinery park in Romania can be obtained only from the general agricultural census or from a structural survey based on questions related to the characteristics (size) of the machines, the power (horsepower) of the tractors, the mode of acquisition (new or second hand). It is interesting to find out from the total number of new machines how many were purchased by credit / leasing and how many were acquired as a result of accessing European funds. Even though agricultural production has increased significantly in recent years, Romania's trade deficit in agriculture is about one billion euros a year, generated by the fact that Romania exports raw materials and imports processed products. In order for Romania to increase the value of agricultural production, investments should be urgently directed not only towards mechanization but also to processing.

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agriculture, machinery, Romania, mechanization

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ANALYSIS OF THE CATTLE SECTOR IN ROMANIA pag. 49-58

Aurelian BULIGA-ȘTEFĂNESCU1

Raising cattle is an activity of paramount importance. The rich natural potential for agriculture in Romania contrasts with the low level of economic performance in the animal breeding sector. Thus, raising cattle has become an increasingly unprofitable occupation in Romania, especially among the owners of small farms . Romania had merely a total of 1977232 heads in 2018 (-63,25%), compared to 5380780 heads in 1990. This paper presents the cattle market in Romania between 1990-2018. In order to carry out this research, the number of cattle were analyzed. The data were collected from the National Institute of Statistics and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. In order to better highlight the dynamics of the sector, numerous specialized journals, books, studies and reports were consulted. At the same time, the analysis of the distribution of cattle according to the development regions is presented. In the European Union there are many small animal farms, but in Romania there are the smallest farms in the European Union]. Our country must take advantage of every opportunity to turn cattle farms into producer associations in order to be competitive on the Union market and aim, first and foremost, to diversify production and to make farms profitable. Increasing the competitiveness of this sector through innovation is essential]. Also, a better objective description of the goods and services derived from animal husbandry is necessary. The period analyzed was divided into two intervals: 1990-2006 pre-accession to the EU and 2007-2018 - post-accession to the EU. As a result of the analysis made, it concluded that there are no statistically significant differences between the two analyzed periods. Also, it was observed that after a sharp decrease in the number of cattle between 1990 and 2010, there was a stabilization of this indicator as a result of the subsidies received per animal and the access of European funds by farmers

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cattle, livestock, Romania, statistical analysis, development regions

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REVIEW OF METHODOLOGIES DESTINED TO QUANTIFY THE RESVERATROL NUTRIENT IN FOREST FRUITS pag. 59-64

Daniela BURDUHOS, Antonia ODAGIU, Ioan OROIAN

The resveratrol (3, 5, 4’ – trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin, meaning that it is produced by different plants in response to some conditions, as environmentally unfriendly factors, wounds, fungal infections, ultraviolet rays, etc. Resveratrol has a strong antioxidant capacity. It is considered as having an antioxidant capacity of 4 up to5 times stronger than beta-carotene, 20 times stronger than vitamin C, and even 50 times stronger than vitamin E. Actually, resveratrol is a well-known nutritional principle considered valuable for reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases, but it is also presumed to be involved in extension of the life span, by activation of longevity gene. Even though several fruit species (grapes, berries and peanuts), are resveratrol sources, grapes skins and seeds are mostly studied, in this aim. Few research is dedicated to the study of resveratrol content in berries, even though high amounts of this principle may be found in these species, which could be higher valuated. In order to perform an accurate quantification of resveratrol occurrence in these sources, selecting the appropriate methodology is a critical step. This study is a short review of the available methodologies destined to quantify the resveratrol from berries. The methods included in the category of non-conventional aim those that use a series of high performance techniques, based on physics methods, as: ultrasounds, microwaves, high pressure, and pulsed electric field. A large diversity of methodologies is available for obtaining resveratrol from different matrices, including berries. They may be classified in conventional and unconventional methods. The solvent extraction is practiced at large extent, but it has a series of disadvantages, like long duration and pollutant action on the environment, due to the solvents involved. All these methods are environmentally friendly (because small amounts or no solvents are used), short duration, and have high accuracy, but high investments are needed in equipment, which are very expensive. .This study aims to review the available methodologies destined to quantify the resveratrol from berries, in order to select the most appropriate.

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antioxidant capacity, berries, health

Presentation: oral

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TOPOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION STAKE OUT P+2F, TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT (U.A.T.) GIROC, VILLAGE GIROC, COUNTY TIMIȘ pag. 65-74

Traian CARȚIȘ 1, Adrian SMULEAC 1,2, Mihai SIMON

The Administrative-Territorial Unit (UAT) Giroc is located in the center of Timș county. Giroc village is made up of the localities Giroc and Chișoda, having the locality of Giroc as a village residence, county Timiș, Banat, România. Giroc Village is located at 6.9 km from the Center of Timisoara Municipality. The studied area is at 1.4 km and in the North part of the Giroc Administrative-Territorial Unit. After identifying the cadastral number and land book belonging to the village Giroc, study of plans and maps from the bases of O.C.P.I. (cadastre and land registration office) Timiș, B.C.P.I. (cadastral office and real estate advertising) Timișoara, the land is visited and the area of interest is recognized. The position within the location of the plot (Cad. No. 414831 from CF 414831, with an area of 12168 sqm) is identified. The aforementioned steps will establish the topo-cadastral methods: necessary equipment, the necessity of clearing the land in order to facilitate the placement of station points, etc. The main purpose of this topographic identification and survey is to build four housing blocks to be rented to young people. Their aimed height is P+2F (ground floor + 2 floors). The structure of the construction will be on reinforced concrete columns of 25x25cm, with brick masonry walls and reinforced concrete foundation. For processing the topographic survey and subsequently executing the staking 2 of 4 blocks, Leica Electronic Total Station, model TS06 PLUS, Leica GPS GS 14 equipment and Leica Viva GS08 equipment were used. The data processing was performed with the Leica Geo Office Combined software, after which the calculated points were reported in AutoCAD making the topographic map. The surface calculation was performed by analytical calculation. For the measurements made with the Leica 1200 GPS equipment, the raw data were obtained in the WGS (World Geodetic System) 1984 reference system. Coordinates that were later transformed into the office with the help of the TransDat program. For the Leica GS08 equipment trans-calculation was not necessary because the field data was obtained in the STEREOGRAPHIC 1970 reference system, which was possible with the implementation of the TransDat system in the controller. The Leica Electronic Total Station, model TS06 PLUS has an angle measurement accuracy of 6 cc, respectively 2 cc and distances of 2 ppm. The data from the device was downloaded using the Leica Geo Office Combined program, both for GPS equipment and for the Total Station. The points were subsequently uploaded in Autocad in order to merge the points and draft the topographic map. Verification of the topographic map and the staking of the 2 blocks was performed with the LEICA VIVA TS16A Total Station with an angle measurement accuracy of Hz, V of 1 '' (0.3 mgon), 2 '' (0.6 mgon), 3 '' (1 mgon ), 5 '' (1.5 mgon) / typically 3-4s.

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Leica Viva GS14, Leica Geosystems, Leica FlexLine TS06, Leica FlexLine TS06plus, Leica TS16

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INVENTORY AND MAPPING OF INVASIVE SPECIES AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (MILL.) SWINGLE IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AREAS: A NEW METHOD OF STUDY AND INTERPRETATION pag. 75-85

Bogdan L. CRAINIC, Gabriel G. ARSENE, Alma L. NICOLIN

Invasive species of plants are increasingly common, especially in anthropic modified ecosystems, becoming even dominant and replacing indigenous vegetation. Urban and peri urban areas with roads, railways and water channels, are risk zones for spreading them. Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) is a rapidly expanding species, so it was introduced into the List of invasive alien species of Union concern (Regulation (EU) 1143/2014), being subject to restrictions and measures set out in the Regulation. In Romania, the species is common in warmer areas, on cliffs (such as those in the Danube Gorges), on the roadside, in the forest skirt, especially on degraded anthropic land; it is cultivated as ornamental and behaves well in various abiotic conditions. There is research on the distribution of species in Romania, habitat types and protected areas in which it is found, correlation with climate change, its impact on biodiversity, but our study pursued the enlargement of the Tree-of-Heaven in urban and peri-urban areas (southern Timisoara), trying to establish the possible “hot spots” of species spread, in which we could control its enlargement. For the mapping of the species, a five-stage measurement scale was proposed and used, including criteria relating to abundance, the presence of mature fructifying trees, shoots and seedlings. The data gathered from the field are cartographically illustrated and interpreted statistically. The study followed the validation of the proposed working method, its ability to illustrate the situation in the field, so as to constitute a fast, usable and non-specialised inventory and mapping protocol, i.e. a monitoring protocol of the expanding species over time for the proper management of concrete disposal and control actions applicable to other species of similar woody plants. The results can be used to informing and raise awareness of the urban and rural population so as to avoid the cultivation of the species for ornamental purposes.

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invasive alien species, Ailanthus altissima, urban and peri-urban areas, Timișoara, measurement scale

Presentation: oral

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EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT SUPPLY ON THE YIELDS OF MILLET pag. 86-92

B. CZINEGE, Z. FUTÓ

In our study we have examined the reaction of millet to different nutrient supply level. The goal of the experiment was to elaborate an efficient and economical fertilisation technology that can be recommended for millet producers or those wanting to grow this plant. Millet is among the most important cereals in the oriental parts of the world. The main millet-producing countries can all be found in Asia.. In Asia and Africa millet is one of the most important cereal plants: 400 million people consume it on a daily basis. The experiment was implemented in Szarvas, the Galambos experimental site of Szent István University. The soil type was phaeozem with deep-laying carbonates. Four levels of nutrient supply was involved: 0-30-60-90 kg/ha N+PK. Millet were sown in the springs of 2018 and 2019 in four repetitions. The size of each parcel was 18.55 m2 and all parcels receive the same agro-technical solutions. The largest yields were reached at the highest level of nutrient supply in both years (2.85 t/ha and 4.05 t/ha in 2018 and 2019, respectively). However, no remarkable increase could be detected regarding the average yield. Different precipitation conditions resulted alterations in the amount of yields. Height of the plants (in 2019), relative chlorophyll content and the average number of grains per booth all reached the highest values in case of 60 kg/ha N+PK treatment. Average yield and thousand grain weight were at their peak when the highest active fertilising substances were applied. As a summary it can be concluded that average yields increased as a result of heightened nutrient supply level, although not in an extent that would have justified the recommendation of the highest level of fertilisation. Taking into account the results received applying 30 kg/ha N, 18 kg/ha P2O5, 30 kg/ha K2O or 60 kg/ha N, 36 kg/ha P2O5, 60 kg/ha K2O proved to be the most economical.

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millet, nutrient supply, yield

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ZINC FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND SOME MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR WHEAT pag. 93-98

Adina-Daniela DATCU1,2*, Ersilia ALEXA3, Nicoleta IANOVICI2, Florin SALA1

Zinc is an important micronutrient in plant nutrition due to the fact that it has many physiological functions in biological systems. It is cofactor for a wide range of enzymes, nearly 3000 proteins being zinc dependent. Wheat’s nutrition relation with zinc is controlled through physiological and molecular mechanisms, which can be classified into root or shoot based. The cultivation on deficient soils is the main reason of the low zinc concentration in grains. Due to these fact, low biodisponibility appears. Zinc deficiency could often be observed in arid and semiarid environments, on saline soils. Moreover, the soils which are naturally rich or poor in organic carbon, or those water imbibed present the same feature. The aim of this study was to determine zinc effects on some physiological indices. Wheat, Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, Ciprian cv. was cultivated on Didactic Station of BUASVM Timișoara, Romania. Wheat plants were fertilized only on leaves during spring. Zinc was part of a liquid fertilizer and five experimental concentrations were used. The probes were sampled in May 2018. The investigated indices were dry biomass and leaves lengths and widths. Biomass production was estimated using linear regression analysis. Only the aboveground parts of the wheat plants were studied, due to the fact that belowground biomass production on wheat is harder to estimate because of the morphology of the radicular system. Dry aboveground biomass increased proportionally with the amount of zinc used. The lowest values of the investigated parameters were obtained for Zn 0 samples, and the highest values were obtained for Zn 4 samples. The aboveground biomass is important because it is the base of wheat straw, which can be used in industry. The adequacy for the production of biofuels had been demonstrated. Same trends were also noticed for the others investigated indices, leaves lengths and widths, respectively and a higher zinc dose results in physiological benefits for wheat plants.

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dry biomass, wheat, zinc, fertilization

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ZINC FOLIAR FERTILIZATION EFFECT ON SOME GRAVIMETRIC INDICES ON WHEAT pag. 99-105

Adina-Daniela DATCU1,2*, Ersilia ALEXA3, Nicoleta IANOVICI2, Florin SALA1

This paper aim is to present data from a field and laboratory experiment realized in 2018. The field is located in Didactic Station of Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine „King Michael I of Romania” from Timișoara, Romania, where the soil is a slightly gleized cambic chernozem. The investigated species was Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare, Ciprian cv. Wheat was fertilized during spring with a liquid complex which contain zinc. This microelement has diverse biological roles in plants, being involved in enzymatically driven metabolism and pollen tube development. Many enzymes have this micronutrient as cofactor. Nowadays, zinc deficiency in soils and plants represent a global problem. Zinc deficiency can also be observed in humans, particularly in developing countries. Thus, increasing zinc content in plants, especially in widely consumed worldwide cereals became of interest. In this research zinc was sprayed to leaves of wheat plants in five experimental doses. Intact, healthy leaves were analyzed in the laboratory and the values of some physiological parameters were determined. The studied indices were leaf dry weight, determined after drying in an oven, followed by a weighting, along with leaf ash content, as the mass of the ash obtained after an incinerating process and leaf organic matter, determined by subtracting the values of the second parameter from the first. Statistical processing was realized using PAST software v3. Regarding leaf dry weight, a polynomial trend explains the interdependency with zinc dose. The lowest values were obtained for the fertilizer with the minimum zinc content and the highest values were noticed for the maximum zinc dose. Same tendencies were observed for leaf ash content and leaf organic matter. Variance between the five variants was analyzed by one-way ANOVA between groups. Levene’s test revealed that all data are homogenous. The Tukey's pairwise comparisons indicated significant differences between variants. leaf organic matter, zinc, fertilization, foliar fertilizer, physiological response

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leaf organic matter, zinc, fertilization, foliar fertilizer, physiological response

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CONDITIONS OF GENESIS OF THE SOIL COATING IN SÂNPETRU MARE, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA pag. 106-111

Andrada GAVRA1, Florina Nicoleta BOJINESCU1, Casiana MIHUT1, Adalbert OKROS1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA

The paper gives a broad description on the conditions of soil formation in the town of Sânpetru Mare, Timiș County, respectively on the relief, climate, rocks, hydrology and hydrography, vegetation and man. Sanpetru Mare is 55.5 km away from Timișoara and the nearest city is Sânnicolau Mare, 14 km. The commune, covers an area of 19,852 ha, of which 18,836 ha is represented by the agricultural land, being a locality located in the Mureș - Aranca Plain in the northwest part of the Banat Plain. In its composition are the localities Sânpetru Mare, Igriş and Saravale. The climate is a temperate continental, with hot and dry summers and mild winters, the relief being a plain, having small altitudes of only 82-95 m. Hydrographically, the locality is located in the Mureş river basin, respectively the upper basin of the Aranca river, which led to the formation of alluvial soils, such as alluvium, with a different texture on the profile and the gleiosols. Where the groundwater is enriched with salts and sodium ions, the soils of the Salsodisols class have been formed, respectively solonceacs and solonates. Depending on these factors: climate, relief, rock, vegetation and geomorphological forms, the spread of soils within this perimeter is different. While in the meadow and low plains, these are formed exclusively on alluvia and have evolved under the direct influence of groundwater, in the other areas, the soils are formed on loess, which has led to the sleeping of fertile soils such as chernozem. and vertosols, in the case of soils formed on the contractile-inflating clays. From the field studies, it was concluded that the soils that are widespread in the immediate vicinity of the valleys of Aranca and Galațca, are generally represented by alluviosols, those spread in Lunca Mureșului and of the Aranca canal, are represented by gleiosols (cerns, mollusks) and alkalized), solonceacs and solonates and those widespread in the plain area, are represented by chernozems, vertosols and zonal soils. These soils present a series of limitations, either due to the shallow presence of groundwater, which is found in gleiosols, solonceacs and solonites, or in the clay texture, as is the case in vertosols.

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formation conditions, soil cover, climate, relief, rock

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SOILS AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN SÂNPETRU MARE, TIMIS COUNTY, ROMANIA: A CASE STUDY pag. 112-117

Andrada GAVRA1, Florina Nicoleta BOJINESCU1, Casiana MIHUT1, Adalbert OKROS1, Anișoara DUMA-COPCEA1

This case study was carried out in the village of Sânpetru Mare from Timiș county, for a period of thow years, respectively in 2018 and 2019. The paper makes a brief presentation of the soils in this area and of the way of their use, depending on fertility class, respectively their suitability. The town of Sânpetru Mare, has a total area of 19,852 ha, of which the agricultural area is 18,836 ha, having the following uses: 15,539 ha arable land; 3,110 ha of grassland; 167 ha of hay, 9 ha of living and 11 ha of orchards. For the arable land use category, the soils are divided into five quality classes. The largest surface, of 33.58% is classified in class III -a, followed by class II, with 29.83% and class I -a, with 20.13%. The soils encountered in this area were classified in the following classes: the class protisols, through alluviosols; the Cernisols class, through the chernozems; Vertisols class, through vertosols; Hydrisols class, through gleiosols and Salsodisols class, through solons. Most of the inhabitants of the commune deal with agriculture, either as a main occupation or as a secondary occupation. Among the crops, the largest areas are occupied by wheat, maize, sunflower, barley, oats, and triticale. The vegetables occupy small areas, although the soils in the area are suitable for growing vegetables, especially alluviosols and chernozems, but due to the low and unevenly distributed rainfall during the vegetation period and the high temperatures, in the absence of irrigation systems, the crops have to suffer and the yields obtained they are low and of poor quality. Vegetable culture is practiced only in the personal gardens, where the inhabitants of the commune have a source of water within reach and in this way it is possible to irrigate them. Moreover, the vine-growing plantations occupy small areas, the land being generally flat and the groundwater being at shallow depths of less than 2.5 m, is not suitable for the cultivation of fruit trees and vines.

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case study, soils, agricultural systems, agricultural crops, climatic conditions

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THE KINEMATICS OF THE UNIVERSAL REEL pag. 118-123

Alin MOISE1, Daniel LUCA1, Radu ILEA1, Casiana MIHUȚ1

Reducing grain harvest losses is a primary goal of farmers and implicitly the manufacturers of self-propelled combine harvesters. The combine harvester is destined for grains harvesting of cereals, performs at the same times: the reaping, the threshing, the cleaning of the grains and their collection in an own grain tank. The reaping of the plants consists of cutting them and transporting them to the threshing drum. During the cutting the plants must be supported and directed to the header auger, an operation carried out by the reel. Taking into account the varying conditions that occur at harvest, the reel from the header should be designed so that the losses at harvest are minimal. The reel that best meets this condition is the eccentric reel or the universal reel. For these reasons we have chosen to study a universal reel fitted to the harvest header from the self-propelled combine John Deere S series. The working organs of the reel are elastic fingers from steel or plastic. In order to perform a correct harvesting both the angular velocity and the position of the reel must be within certain parameters so that the elastic fingers bend the plants back so that after cutting they are placed on the header auger. The constructive and functional parameters of the universal reel studied were: the reel diameter, the reel length, the angular velocity of the reel, the elastic finger trajectory, the tangential speed of elastic fingers, the acceleration of elastic fingers, the kinematic index of the reel. In the case of absolute movement, when the reel is rotating and at the same time moving with the working speed of the combine harvester, the trajectory of the elastic fingers of the reel is a cycloid. The kinematic parameters of the reel were determined by the analytical method according to its constructive and functional parameters. The calculations were made for two complete rotations of the reel. Based on the obtained results, the functional parameters of the reel were determined: the length of the cycloid, the time of a complete rotation of the reel and the area covered by the reel to a full rotation. Following the studies carried out, the conclusions and recommendations that are required are established

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harvest header, reel, elastic fingers, trajectory, speed, acceleration

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THE EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF LACTUCA SATIVA L. AND SPINACIA OLERACEA L pag. 124-132

A. MOŢ1,2, Roxana MADJAR1, Liliana BĂDULESCU3, M. MIHALACHE1

Seed germination is very sensitive to unfavourable environmental conditions. An important factor of the environment, which inhibits most metabolic processes and, consequently, limits the growth and productivity of plants, is the presence of heavy metals. This study was conducted to determine the effects of the following heavy metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co and Zn on germination and later, the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seedlings. The experiment was performed using soluble salts of the metals mentioned above, that dissociate in water (Cd(NO3)2•4H2O, Cu(NO3)2•3H2O, Ni(NO3)2•6H2O, Pb(CH3COO)2•3H2O, Co(NO3)2•6H2O, Zn(CH3COO)2•2H2O). Five solutions with different concentrations were tested. Distilled water was used as control variant. The experimental variants consist on mixtures of the six metals in quantities ranging from reference values to values that exceeds intervention threshold for sensitive soils. Concentrations ranges as follows: Cd (3 to 20 ppm), Cu (20 to 200 ppm), Ni (25 to 200 ppm), Pb (30 to 150ppm), Co (20 to 100 ppm) and Zn (100 to 700 ppm). The abundance of this elements was chosen according to the values for trace chemical elements in soil (Order 756/1997). For conducting the study, 20 cm outer diameter Petri dishes were used, with 2 filter paper disks soaked in heavy metal solutions. Each repetition had a total of 25 seeds, that was replicated 4 times, in the pot resulting in a total of 100 seeds per plant species. A total of 1200 seeds were used. Seed germination tests were performed in accordance to ISTA - International Seed Testing Association (1999). A series of physiological indicators associated with germination and seedling vigour were calculated. The dynamics of the germination was followed for 6 days for Lactuca sativa L. and 10 days for Spinacia oleracea L., starting from the first day of germination. It has been observed that the influence of heavy metals on the germination and early development of the seedlings is very complex and determines a multitude of effects on many parameters, which in most situations do not have a standard or predictable distribution.

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germination, Lactuca sativa L., Spinacia oleracea L., toxicity, heavy metals

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VIEWING DATA SETS PRODUCED BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN WEB BROWSERS. APPLICATIONS ON GRASSLANDS IN ARAD COUNTY pag. 133-142

M. SIMON1, Loredana COPĂCEAN1, Luminiţa COJOCARIU1,2

In the last decades, the development of the technique, technology and programs for data and information processing have had a positive impact through the progress in many fields of activity, including the UAV technology. The results of using UAVs equipped with high-performance digital cameras are spectacular, materializing in the first phase in orthophotoplanes that can be exploited for obtaining spatial information with high accuracy and then in three-dimensional models. Because for the processing of digital images, the preparation of orthophotoplanes as well as the three-dimensional models requires specialized operators and "powerful" technical resources, the purpose of these works is to present two alternatives for viewing the data sets in the online environment using a web browser. These alternatives are open-source and allow users to view millions of data sets from sources such as LiDAR or real-time photogrammetry in standard web browsers. In this context, the research presented in this paper was conducted in the western area of Romania, on the administrative territory of Arad county, in the village of Odvoș, the commune of Conop. As a case study, a pasture surface, but also the surrounding area, was selected in order to obtain the orthophotoplan and its three-dimensional model which were subsequently uploaded to web applications and thus available to users for extracting spatial and descriptive information. The GNSS positioning technique was used to determine the coordinates of the photogrammetric landmarks, the measurements were made with a Leica GS08 Plus GNSS receiver, which allows the determination of the spatial position of an interest point using the RTK method. To take aerial images, a DJI Phantom 4 Pro unmanned aerial vehicle was used, equipped with positioning sensors and mapping sensors. One of the main benefits of point cloud visualization in the browser is that it allows users to share their data sets with the public without having to install third-party applications or transfer huge amounts of data. The data set collected by photogrammetry for this study was shared on the two platforms, Potree and Sketchfab and users can view the mapped grassland using the drone, in 3D, but they can also extract important data such as: inventory of trees as well as their height, measurement of fixed elements such as roads and canals, surface calculation, transverse or longitudinal profiles.

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UAV, 3D point cloud, grassland, Potree, Sketchfab

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DESIGN OF THE ECOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION WORKS OF THE WASTE DUMP BELONGING TO LUPENI HARD COAL EXPLOITATION (BRANCH 3, B BODY) pag. 143-153

Mihail, TUREA1, Izabela-Maria, APOSTU1, Florin, FAUR1, Maria, LAZĂR1

: Continuing the process of restructuring the mining sector in Romania, more specifically coal mining (and as a result of aligning national energy policies with the common policy of the European Union), means closing in the near perspective of 2 more mining units from Jiu Valley, namely Lupeni M.E. and Lonea M.E. With the cessation of the productive activity of Lupeni M.E., the problem of ecological rehabilitation of the mining perimeter is posed and, among the objectives that are compulsory of this process, is the ecological reconstruction of the waste dump. As at the present moment the sterile rocks are deposited only in the B body of branch 3 (branches 1, 2 and A body of branch 3 being spontaneously covered with grass and revegetated in proportions between 60 and 90%), the present paper presents the stages and the necessary works to achieve the proposed objective (ecological reconstruction) in the shortest period of time. Considering the location of the dump and the aspect of the surrounding areas, from the possible ecological reconstruction options, the naturalistic one was chosen, which will ensure the integration of the dump body into the zonal landscape, and which also involves the least volume of works and implicitly the lowest costs. The optimal alternative of ecological reconstruction was considered the one established using a methodology proposed and published in the literature. This methodology makes it possible to identify the optimal alternative of ecological reconstruction (and to eliminate inopportune ones) by following three phases, in a logical sequence, in which a number of factors and indicators characterizing both the site area (the climate of the region, the morphology, the environmental risks etc.) as well as the degraded land (the waste dump), especially in terms of fertility of the stored material. In this way the risk of making an erroneous decision (on the ecological reconstruction option) that does not meet the proposed objective and at the same time may cause unjustified expenses is minimized.

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M.E. Lupeni, waste dump, ecological reconstruction, surrounding landscape, stability

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THE BEHAVIOR OF SOME WINTER WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS TREATMENT AND INCREASED NITROGEN APPLICATIONS pag. 154-162

Adina VARADI1,2, Diana HIRIŞCĂU1,2, Rozalia KADAR2, Marcel M. DUDA

The rate of nitrogen fertilization is the most important factor for plant growth and development which can increase yield and grain quality assurance. But the high rates of applied nitrogen fertilizer combined with high precipitations favor stem elongation and increase risk of cereal lodging. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are widely used for lodging control in winter wheat grown at high nitrogen rates. A field experiment was conducted during 2015-2016 winter wheat growing season at Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda to evaluate the effect of PGR on plant height, lodging, internodes length, grain yield and grain protein content of seven winter wheat genotypes tested at different rates of applied nitrogen fertilizer, in combination with foliar treatment with trinexapac-ethyl- based Plant Growth Regulator sprayed over the foliage. The genotypes used in this experience have not been tested with PGR until now. The experimental design consists in subdivided plots in a three factorial experimental system. Before sowing the wheat, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were applied 50 kg N ha-1 and 50 kg P ha-1. Beside the fertilization applied in autumn nitrogen fertilization was applied on crop at boot stage (BBCH 40-49) at different rates: 0 kg N ha-1 (control), 50 kg N ha-1, 100 kg N ha-1, 150 kg N ha-1. The PGR foliar treatment included trinexapac-ethyl (0,4l/ha) sprayed over the foliage at second node visible stage (BBCH 32). Results showed that high rates of applied nitrogen fertilizer increased the risk of cereal lodging. The PGR application on wheat cause shorter plants (internodes) and less lodging. PGR applications significantly reduced lodging but didn’t necessarily completely eliminate it. On yield and grain protein content nitrogen fertilization had a bigger influence than the trinexapac-ethyl treatment. Winter wheat height was significantly influenced by PGR treatment. Reduction in plant height as a consequence of PGR treatment is associated with the reduced elongation of internodes. PGR treatment improved the crop resistance to lodging.

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winter wheat, lodging, PGR, nitrogen fertilization, yield, grain protein content.

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FOREST FRUITS FROM SIBIU COUNTY pag. 163-168

Emilia VECHIU¹, Lucian DINCĂ1

In Romania, the most well-known non-wood forest fruits (NWFPs) are represented by forest fruits, edible mushrooms and medicinal plants. These NWFPs are used from the earliest times due to their nutritive substances. As such, these products are used in medicine for reducing cancer risk as they are rich in vitamins and bioactive compounds. According to Romsilva, the National Forest Institute, the quantity of forest fruits harvested in Romania is of 3000 tons / year. The main forest fruits that are capitalized are: raspberry, blue berry, blackberry, brier, sea buckthorn, cranberry, blackthorms etc. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize forest fruits present in Sibiu County. Located in the country’s center, its diverse relief favors a large array of forest fruits: blackberry (Rubus hirtus W. et K.), blue berry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), cranberry (Ribes nigrum L.), wild pear (Pyrus piraster L.), Wild service treeus torminalis L. fruits, hazelnut (Coryllus avellana L.), Juniperus sp. fruits and mast (Fagus sp). The most important forest fruits from Sibiu County were determined with an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) developed by Thomas Saaty and based on 19 well-established criteria. Based on this analysis, blue berry and blackberry are the most sought after fruits, while the least requested ones are mast and wild pear. The fruits that require a higher degree of knowledge for being recognized and harvested are blue berry, wild service tree and juniper fruits. Hazelnut, wild service tree fruits and mast generate the highest quantity of fruits that can be harvested by a worked in 8 hours, while the highest market prices are recorded for derived blueberry, blackberry and hazelnut products. Blueberries, blackberries, hazelnut and wild service treeus torminalis L. fruits has a rich portfolio of derived products, such as syrups, marmalade, juices, tea, alcoholic drinks or sweets. Wild service treeus torminalis L. Crantz is renowned for its wood from which a qualitative veneer is obtained, highly requested on the European market.

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forest fruits, blueberry, AHP, Sibiu

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CHARACTERIZATION OF CORNUS PLANT PRESENT IN ”AL. BELDIE” HERBARIUM pag. 169-175

Emilia VECHIU¹, Lucian DINCĂ1

”Al. Beldie” Herbarium from ”Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry contains a rich collection of plants. Approximately 40.000 vouchers belong to this herbarium and are stored in 600 drawers. Herbariuns are important because they provide information about plants and their area of propagation during long periods that help to carry out studies in taxonomy, biodiversity, ecology, anatomy, morphology etc. As such, various investigations were carried out with the help of data from this herbarium concerning different families and types of plants. The purpose of this article is to morphologically and ecologicallycharacterize certain Cornus species that can be found in this herbarium. Cornus Genus contains approximately 55-58 species cares that are widespread in the northern hemisphere, with few in Africa and southern America. The species found in the herbarium are the following: Cornus alba L., Cornus amomum Mill., Cornus alternifolia L., Cornus asperifolia Michx., Cornus baileyi J.M. Coult. & W.H. Evans, Cornus canadensis L., Cornus candidissima Marshall., Cornus florida L., Cornus mas L., Cornus macrophylla Wall., Cornus obliqua Raf., Cornus paniculata L'Hér., Cornus pumila Koehne, Cornus sanguinea L., Cornus stolonifera Michx. Cornus stricta Lam. and Cornus suecica L . Each plants contains data referring to the name of the species, the harvesting place, the harvesting year, the person who has collected them as well as their conservation degree. Most of the plants were harvested from Romania and were collected by botanists such as: S. Pascovschi, Al. Beldie, At. Haralamb, C.C. Georgescu, J. Neuwirth, M. Badea, P. Cretzoiu, I. Morariu, Dr. H. Hapeman, Dr. Heuser, V. Leandru etc. The plants were harvested between 1834-1989, amounting to 129 plants that are in a good conservation state, 46 between 1940-1949, while the oldest plant was harvested in 1834 by P. Cretzoiu. The Cornul mas L. fruits are edible, rich in vitamin C and can be consumed fresh or in the form of various products derived from them, such as syrups, compotes, juices, wines, etc.

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Cornus, plants, herbarium, species

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ASPECTS ON THE BREEDING SEASON OF BIRD FAUNA IN THE ROSPA0074 MAGLAVIT (ROMANIA) pag. 176-185

Alexandru C. Birău1, Liana Mihaela FERICEAN1

Our study was carried out from March 2016 to September 2019, within the perimeter of 3 wetlands (Lake Fântâna Banului, Lake Maglavit, and Balta Golenți) as well as in the agricultural, forestry and grassland ecosystems form the Maglavit Special Protection Area. This area is known for its ornithological importance, as it is located on the most important bird migration corridor in the lower basin of the Lower Danube. The diversity study of the avian fauna was carried out using occurrence and dominance indices. Another method used was the route method, applied in poplar drifts near the Danube river and in the forest of Maglavit; species heard, encountered, and frequency of meetings were noted in ObsMapp. In this study, we focused on the diversity of breeding birds in the site.. The final list brings together 121 species that have constantly nested within the studied territory and 9 other species with uncertain status in certain years of the monitoring stage (Anser anser, Tadorna tadorna, Chlidonias leucopterus, Recurvirostra avosetta, Caprimulgus europaeus, Ficedula hypoleuca, Aegithalos caudatus , Haliaeetus albicilla, Circus pygargus). At lake Fantana Banului a total of 5982 pairs of birds and 53 species were recorded. At lake Maglavit 36 species of birds were recorded with a total of 1891 pairs. At the habitat Golenți 31 species of birds with a total of 1057 pairs were recorded. At the habitat of -deciduous forest 59 species of birds were recorded with a total of 5584 pairs. At the farmland we recorded 18 species with a total of 1075 pairs. The nesting habitats are in a good state of conservation a fact which has favoured a high consistency in the dynamics and the number of bird populations during the three years of monitoring. However, the tendency of birds to choose areas that can be correlated with a lower anthropic impact has been observed, areas where, in particular, fishing is controlled and fish poaching is almost non-existent.

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bird fauna, breeding, Nature 2000, climate, anthropogenic impact

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BEHAVIOR OF SOME GENOTYPES OF MEDICAGO SP. IN THE WESTERN REGION OF ROMANIA pag. 186-194

Marinela COSTEA1, Abel ARDELEAN1, Florentina CĂTĂNESCU1, Ian KAȘA1, Irina PETRESCU1, Ciprian STROIA1

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is a forage species widely cultivated in temperate regions around the world. The numerous varieties of alfalfa currently available on the European market, create a great difficulty for farmers in choosing the most suitable variety for their needs. Precise information on the morphological characters of the varieties existing on the market and their behavior in relation to the environmental conditions, greatly helps the farmers to make their management decisions. Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most valuable crops of fodder plants due to the high production of green table and the superior quality of the fan, being a very popular fodder culture in Romania. The lucerne fan contains 80% calcium, 0.18% phosphorus, 1.23% potassium, 0.22% magnesium and 0.2% sulfur, mineral salts that recommend it for use especially in dairy cows. Lucerne has a wide variety of uses, being one of the most popular herbs, but also a plant widely used in natural treatments. Lucerne has been grown since ancient times in the territory of our country. Lucerne has been cultivated for millennia. Ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, used to cultivate it. Then it was brought to ancient Greece, Africa and eventually to America, through Spanish colonists. The benefits of growing alfalfa. Lucerne has a great capacity to adapt to various climatic conditions. Due to its long roots, the lucerne can absorb a large amount of water. The objectives of this study were to measure and compare the differences in morphological characteristics of the three different varieties of Medicago sativa L. in three years of cultivation in the Jimbolia area. In the area of Jimbolia there are several lucerne growers, being the only fodder plant cultivated in the area in 2019, and establishing a precedent of measurements and comparisons would help these growers and those in the future to determine if their culture is in the standard norms.

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Alfalfa, genotypes, morphology.

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PHENOLOGY ASPECTS OF SOME SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS pag. 195-205

A. ARDELEAN1, A. BALINT1, Irina PETRESCU1, C. STROIA1

Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an unusual plant. It is distinguished from all other cultivated plants by its single stem and conspicuous, large inflorescence. A sunflower plant is influenced by both the growth stages from planting to maturity, as well as temperature, day length, nutrition and humidity. Hybrid maturity and crop area also have an effect on the length of the growing season. The study investigated the phenology of three sunflower hybrids grown in the western part of Romania. The yield of these hybrids from the morpho-phenological perspective is being sought in order to identify their adaptability to the cultivated area. To grow best, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy mulch. The results obtained from the measurements show that the studied hybrids behave differently from the environmental conditions encountered in the western part of Romania. In order to reach the objectives, the most important characteristics were measured which reflected the behavior of the hybrids in relation to the environmental factors, namely, the height of the plant, the length of the roots, the number of leaves, the length and width of the leaves, the diameter of the stem, the diameter of the flower buds and the diameter of the inflorescence. Those characteristics determine somewhat the use of the plant-as a source of edible oil, as food for people and animals, or as forage. Floriculturists are interested in the variability in flower color, petal structure, and petal size. Descriptive classes are proposed herein for some morphological characters to improve the uniformity of descriptions of inbred lines and cultivars. Many descriptive characters are affected by the environment, so measurements should be made of plants grown under optimum field conditions. The statistical calculation was performed in Microsoft Office Excel 2016, establishing the coefficient of variation, the standard deviation of the mean and the average of the observed variants.

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Sunflower, morphological, Helianthus annus L.

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ANALYSIS OF THE SEASONAL EVOLUTION OF A SPORT TURF SURFACE FROM MOTRU (GORJ COUNTY) – CASE STUDY pag. 206-212

Cătălin Elvis CORLAN1, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU 1, Otilia COTUNA 1,2, Carmen Claudia DURĂU

practiced on turf grass and it has multiple functions, the main for sport being the attenuation of the impact with the soil providing a very good protection by the considerable amortisation capacity in comparison with other types of surfaces. Thus, the presence of turf grass on soil surface diminishes water evaporation, maintains a lower temperature at the soil level due to the evapo-transpiration process. The object of this research is represented by a football field from the town Motru (Gorj County). The turf from Motru stadium is dominated by the species Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne. This has a relatively good condition because it benefits by constant maintenance works. There were collected data in 10 observation moments, respectively 18.03.2019, 27.03.2019, 1.04.2019, 13.04.2019, 20.04.2019, 24.04.2019, 12.05.2019, 26.05.2019, 9.06.2019 and 17.06.2019. The analysed features of the turf were: density, resistance to traffic, resistance to diseases, colour, finesse, summer resistance and global aesthetic aspect. After the analysis of the data regarding the turf grass from the Motru stadium we have concluded the following: the turf has medium quality regarding most of the analysed aspects; in spring was registered the decrease of the diseases resistance; on the turf surface are present several weed species, the most abundant being Taraxacum officinale, Cynodon dactylon and Trifolium repens. Some of the problems appeared at the level of the sport field from Motru were produced due to the high amount of rainfalls that have a high frequency, this fact was disturbed the application and frequency of the maintenance works as mowing, antifungal treatments and weed control. According with the obtained results there is recommended prevention of the diseases, one measure being the collection of the mowed biomass. In the periods characterised by high atmospheric moisture there is necessary the application of fungicides. Thus there is recommended planning of fertilisation and application of macro- and microelements for the improvement of the leaves colour. For the dicotyledonous weed control is necessary to be applied specific herbicides and in the case of bare soil spots is necessary the over-seeding recommendable with Lolium perenne.

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turf-grass, sport field, quality indexes

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CHARACTERISATION OF SEVERAL AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA GENOTIPES FROM BIHOR COUNTY IN THE FLOWERING PERIOD pag. 213-220

Erika- Ibolya PAPP1, Veronica SĂRĂŢEANU 2, Cotuna Otilia2,3, Durău Carmen Claudia2, Bojinescu Florina Nicoleta2

The importance of the research is due to the consideration that Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an invasive species from the Asteraceae botanical family originating from North America, but spread worldwide, implicitly on the European continent. This has a great capacity of invasion of the anthropic habitats (inhabited areas, vegetable gardens, arable land, roadside etc.) because it has the capacity to produce a very high number of seeds. Ragweed has increased very much its territory in the north-western side of Romania, thus Bihor County is one of the most affected by the invasion of this species mainly to the highly favourable soil and climate conditions. Near to the great land invasion capacity this species produces serious health problems to a great part of the population due to the extremely allergenic pollen that is produced in a very high amount during the flowering period. In literature is mentioned the increase of the incidence of the allergies during the ragweed flowering period, this starting generally from the second half of July till to the beginning of October. The pollen of the species Ambrosia artemisiifolia is one of the main factors that causes allergic rhinitis and also represents one of the major causes of the increase of the incidence of the asthma in the case of the sensitive persons at the summer end. The purpose of the research is to develop an evaluation of several genotypes of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. from different locations from Bihor County. In the work were analysed too aspects regarding the variability of several morphological features of this species from different sites. Thus there was characterised the correlation among the analysed biological parameters. The studied material is represented by individuals of Ambrosia artemisiifolia collected at the beginning of August 2016 from 10 sites from Bihor County: Biharia, Tulca, Tinca, Hidişelu de Jos, Rabagani, Beiuş, Burda, Uileacu de Beiuş, Totoreni and Ştei. From every site were collected 10 plants and were determined several biometric parameters. The considered parameters were plant height (cm), root length (cm), number of ramifications and the number of male and female inflorescence there being analysed their variability and interrelation using Pearson r value. The data were processed with EXCEL application

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Ambrosia artemisiifolia, flowering, biometric features, inflorescences, correlation.

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INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPIC ACTIVITIES UPON TIMIS RIVER WATER QUALITY IN ARMENIS-CARANSEBES SECTION pag. 221-228

Diana FIROANDA1, Laura ŞMULEAC2, Cristina TULBURE2, Raul. Paşcalău2

The theme addressed in this work is required by its importance and timeliness given the conditions of current climate change and growing anthropogenic pressure, maintaining the quality of natural resources becomes an increasingly pressing problem. Water, as a vital and limited natural resource in space and time deserves increasing attention. To maintain water quality at acceptable levels, measures are needed to monitor and reduce the impact of human activity on water resources. One cannot conceive a human activity, the existence of a life form or the current balance of the planet we live without water. The section where samples were taken to determine the water quality of the Timiş River is Armeniş-Caransebeş. Collection sheets have been drawn up for each sample in which all relevant research information has been detailed, the collection points have been clearly marked. The depth at which the samples were collected is 0.30 m, and the collected volume is 0.5 L. The width of the water gloss and the appearance of water have been identified in the harvest. Sampling of water took place in months: February, April, May, June, July, August and September of the year 2018. The water flow was determined and analyses were made on pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen consumption in 5 days, chemical consumption of oxygen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and calcium. Following the analyses carried out, it was observed that the flow rate is fluctuating depending on the amount of precipitation fallen, influencing the degree of water mineralization; water is slightly basic; The oxygen regime is in optimum values, with a slight decrease in the oxygen content in July and increased biochemical and chemical oxygen consumption in April, May, June; In the nutrient regime, high levels of nitrogen, nitrogen and total nitrogen are noted, which encapsulates water in quality class II; The amount of calcium and phosphorus is low, the concentration of phosphorus analysed has no impact on water, and calcium gives water a low hardness character. In conclusion, the impact of human activities on the quality of water in the Timiş River is reduced, with small overviews only to the nitrogen regime and the oxygen content in the water. The results of the research have a high civic value and can be disseminated by local authorities in the areas studied by informing the inhabitants of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the Timiş River and the education of the population on pollution prevention.

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water quality, anthropic influence, climate change

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THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES AND HEAVY METALS (CU, ZN, PB, CD, NI) ACCUMULATION IN FOLIAR TISSUE OF TILLIA CORDATA MILL. ORNAMENTAL TREES FROM CLUJ-NAPOCA TOWN pag. 229-233

Nicolae COZONAC, Ioan OROIAN, Cristian IEDERAN

Air pollution is an essential issue for the environment and society in general. Tilia is a genus of over 20 species of deciduous trees that occur in forests in Europe, Asia and North America. Tilia varieties from Romania are frequently planted as ornamental trees in urban plantations along city streets. The spread of fungi depends practically on the weather conditions. The humidity and the active solar radiation influence the development of these pathogens more than the temperature. These spots usually become evident from the end of June to August. Infections of the leaves that begin at the beginning of the growing season can lead to premature defoliation. The points on the leaves frequently increase in number and size in late summer and early fall, as the leaves begin to fall. If it occurs over two or more successive years, it can seriously weaken a tree, reduce its growth, and increase its susceptibility to losing bark, injury and other diseases. The aim of this study is to emphasize the interactions between the concentrations of the heavy metals quantified in the foliar tissue of the linden trees and temperature, in specific conditions of different locations of Cluj-Napoca town, characterized by a series of different potential pollution sources. For the quantification of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Ni from the leaf tissue of the Tilia cordata Mill. trees, monitored, the atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used, respectively a Perkin-Elmer atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, USA) with flame and graphite furnace. Data were statistically processed with STATISTICA v.8.0 for Windows. Throughout the experimental period, 2019, the increase of the pollution level does not positively influence the increase of the accumulations of Zn in the leaf tissue of the Tilia cordata Mill. trees taken in the study, in all experimental locations. The bioaccumulation capacity, however, positively favors the accumulations of Cu and Ni, but does not influence the bioaccumulations of Pb and Cd.

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environment, heavy metals, pollution

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THE HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION IN FOLIAR TISSUE OF ORNAMENTAL TREES FROM AGGLOMERATED URBAN SPACES. A CASE STUDY: CU AND NI ACCUMULATION IN AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM L. LEAVES OF TREES FROM CLUJ-NAPOCA pag. 234-238

Alexandra MUREȘAN, Ioan OROIAN, Petru BURDUHOS

In the surrounding air, metals and the compounds they form are mainly found as constituents of the particles (particulate matter). The copper pollution of the environmental air, like other heavy metals air pollution, has as source anthropogenic, and also natural sources. In order to perform an assessment of the heavy metals air pollution on health effects, one have to know about the metallic species that are emitted into the environmental air, and/or about the compounds that are involved in the formation of the main metallic components. One of the most important copper air pollution come from dust resulted from the mining activity. Nickel may form a series of compounds that can occur in different oxidation states, but the divalent ions are considered to be of greatest importance whatever inorganic or organic compounds, where they are encountered. The purpose of the present study is to quantify the accumulations of copper and nickel in the foliage of chestnut trees, in the municipality of Cluj-Napoca, in order to quantify the degree of pollution with heavy metals in areas with different vulnerabilities to this type of pollution. The experiment was conducted from April 1, 2019 up to September 30, 2019, in the municipality of Cluj-Napoca. The leaf tissue of the chestnut tree species constituted the biological material taken into account during the experiments. In the field, the observations were made in 4 experimental points. Regarding the accumulation of Cu and Ni in the leaf tissue of the Aesculus hippocastanum L. trees taken in the study, we identified the highest means corresponding to the experimental location no. 4 and minimum corresponding to the chestnut trees located in the experimental location no. 1. The increase of Cu and Ni accumulations is variable, being favored by the climatic factors, in different degrees of intensity, depending on the characteristics of the experimental locations

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environment, heavy metals, pollution

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THE USE OF THE LIDAR TECHNOLOGY IN CALCULATION OF THE ECOSYSTEMS CARBON FOOTPRINT pag. 239-246

Liana Nicoleta MIHUȚ, Antonia ODAGIU, Sergiu MIHUȚ

The majority of carbon emissions come from indirect sources. Often, the carbon footprint, cannot be determined with high accuracy, because one cannot know exactly the high amount of data resulted from the interactions between different factors involved in this processes. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology has been emerging lately, becoming more and more prevalent in more and more fields, starting from fundamental scientific research and going to application solutions in areas such as: environmental and biodiversity assessment, agriculture and precision forestry, heritage inventory and archeology, etc. This technology involves the use of a set of sensors that use laser beams in combination with GPS recordings. The ability to provide highly accurate information, giving the possibility of developing analytical models, makes it possible to use this technology in the calculation of ecosystem carbon footprint. A case study presenting an analysis of the structure of biostructures within a degraded forest ecosystem has been presented whose variations in development may be the response to the presence of limiting factors that betray the distribution and concentration of some pollutants. The habitat mapping methodology involved the creation of a GIS map, starting from satellite images, aerophotograms and detailed aerophotograms made with the help of drones. The modality of making the cartograms took into account the aimed detail (the target granulation) that was established taking into account the ecological-target traits associated with each criterion element that was the basis of the site designation. Given that the installation of the forest would have been successfully carried out, on the entire surface, ensuring a consistent density and a complete coverage degree, the potential for the presence of C at this level would have been approximately 4 times higher. Evaluating a possible ecological restoration scenario, the real potential of the ecological ecosystem services of the analyzed perimeter is foreshadowed, thus facilitating a calculation of the carbon footprint generated by the existing historical pollution.

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accurate information, case study, forest, pollutant

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INDICES OF THE VEGETABLE CARPET FROM THE SITE OF COMMUNITY IMPORTANCE VALEA DIN SÂNANDREI (ROSCI0402) pag. 247-256

Cucu PETRU¹, Ostan REBECA¹, Sretco MILANOVICI¹, G.-G. ARSENE

The establishment of sites of community importance and special areas of protection has been added to the previous system of natural and national parks, reservations of various categories, monuments of nature; In most cases, the limits of Natura 2000 sites encompass the objectives already protected before 2007, the area entered under the jurisdiction of Natura 2000 being noticeably higher. This vast network is also made up of areas that have not entered under any protection regime before 2007 and is being expanded. Among these new sites is the site of community importance Valea din Sânandrei (ROSCI0402), located in the high plain area of Banat, in the north the city of Timisoara, in the form of the river Surduc Valley and two tributary streams valleys. The method of study of the flora of cormophyite and the method of study of vegetation are the methods used to identify the flora and the vegetable mat present in the site. The Flora of the site was studied by completing it in several periods during 2017 (starting March 27th) and 2018. Thus, we have made direct observations and determinations on the ground. I also made photographs as auxiliary for the activity of determination. I used the current determinators (Ciocârlan, 2009 and Sârbu et al., 2013). The periods during which phytosociological relevance were carried out were in April-May, until July-August, 2017 and 2018. Graphical analysis indicators of flora in terms of the structure of cormoflora on botanical families and life span, analysis of the spectrum of life forms and floristic elements, ecological spectrum on humidity, temperature and soil reaction. To date, the site falls into the category of those who do not have their own management plan. By this paper, we are trying to make a contribution to the knowledge of the cormophyite flora and the habitats of the site, which are not systematically investigated until that time. In the paper we also included the impacts observed, which can be a starting point in determining the management measures of this site.

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flora, habitats, Valea din Sânandrei, ROSCI0402, conservation, Natura 2000

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CONCENTRATIONS OF IGG, IGA AND IGM IMMUNOGLOBULIN TYPES IN COLOSTRUM MILK DEPENDING ON THE SEASON pag. 257-261

RADUCAN George Gabriel, TODEA Neli Georgeta, VINTER Gabriel Nicolae

The aim of the paper was to study the evolution of the immunoglobulin types IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations during the first three days postpartum in Romanian Black and White cows. Samples of colostrum were collected at calving and at 4-hour interval for three days. Samples were analyzed for immunoglobulin concentration using ELISA test. . Immunoglobulin Ig G concentration in colostrum milk was higher in the warm season than in the cold season. The concentration of immunoglobulin Ig A in colostrum milk was higher in the warm season than in the cold season. Immunoglobulin Ig M concentration in colostrum milk was higher in the warm season than in the cold season. In this study, twelve cows from the Romanian black and white breed were taken into consideration from the farm located in Covaci, three of them cows calving in the hot season and nine in the cold season. Four-to four-hour colostral milk samples were taken (18 milkings / cow), immediately after calving, for three days, resulting in 54 samples in cows that calved in the hot season and 162 samples in cows that they have in the cold season. From the data presented it can be seen that the average daily amount of IgG of cows that calved during the hot season (41.89 mg / ml) is higher (p <0.001) by 6.06 mg / ml than that registered in cows that they gave birth in the cold season (35.83 mg / ml), a very statistically significant difference. From the data presented, it can be seen that the average daily amount of IgM of cows that calved during the warm season (4.78 mg / ml) is higher (p> 0.01) by 0.63 mg / ml than that recorded in the case in calves that gave birth in the cold season (4.14 mg / ml), a statistically significant difference

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colostrum, immunoglobulin IgG, IgA an IgM, Romanian black and white breed

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