Rjas

Vol 49, No 4 (2017)

THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS WITH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON GLUTEN STRUCTURE AT THE WHEAT pag. 3-8

Alina Laura AGAPIE1, Paul PARSAN2, Oana Maria BOLDURA2, Gabriela GORINOIU1

Abstract: This paper presents the results of the research on nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization over the gluten quality to the winter wheat. The research was carried out between 2015-2016 at the Agricultural Research Station Lovrin, in a long-term experience with chemical fertilizers. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, both alone and in interaction, directly influence the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). From the total protein, gluten proteins have the most important role in ensuring the rheological properties of the dough. In this work, we highlight the influence of chemical fertilizers on the accumulation of gliadins and glutenins, HMW and LMW-glutenin subunits and on the gliadin-glutenin ratio. The nitrogen doses used are 30.60.90,120 kg active substance N / ha, applied to a phosphorus support 80 kg P2O5/ ha.

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: winter wheat, fertilizers, glutenin, gliadin, content of gluten.

Presentation: poster

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FLOODING OF THE REMAINING GAP OF NORTH PEȘTEANA QUARRY IN ORDER TO CREATE A WATER RESERVOIR FOR IRRIGATIONS pag. 9-19

Izabela-Maria, NYARI (APOSTU); Maria, LAZAR

Open pit mining exploitation involves a considerable change in the geomorphology of the region, especially through the development of deep qurries. The remaining gaps resulting from cessation of the open pit mining operations have impressive dimensions and a major negative impact. In addition to radically changing the landscape that causes a negative visual impact, open pit mining exploitation has a major impact on the land, which is manifested by diversion from its original uses, land quality degradation, destruction of ecosystems, affecting local communities and the worsening of the quality of life. One of the major problems arising from the exploitation of lignite in quarries is the quantitative damage to groundwater resources due to the need for aquifer dewatering, a process that leads to a lower water level and which has a significant impact on vegetation and local communities (incapacity of plants to supply water, wells drying up etc.). Water filling of the remaining gap is a method used frequently worldwide and has numerous benefits regardless of the use of pit lakes. The choice of remaining gaps that are suitable for water filling must be based on an appropriate assessment, taking into account a number of essential criteria for the success of obtaining safely, long-term beneficial results. Considering the location of the remaining gap of North Peșteana quarry, the type of use of the adjacent lands and following the climatic history that highlights many dry periods, but also their frequency in the past 8 years, this paper analyzes the necessity and the possibility of supplementing the natural water reserves by creating a water reservoir for crops irrigation in order to support the regional agricultural industry. The aim of the paper is to increase the level of recovery and reuse of degraded mining lands at national and global level and to highlight the many advantages that these practices have on the environment and human communities. Recovering the remaining gap of North Peșteana quarry and reintegrating it into the landscape as a waterreservoir for irrigation has major environmental and economic benefits, contributing to the sustainable development of the region.

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crops irrigation, open pit flooding, remaining gaps, remaining gaps reuse, water reservoir

Presentation: oral

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THE ADVANTAGES OF USING MOBILE GIS TECHNOLOGY pag. 20-28

AUTHORS: Student Florin Cristian BÂRLIBA1, Student Ionuț GHEORGHESCU1 COORDINATORS: Asist. dr. ing. Anca-Maria MOSCOVICI1

Mobile GIS (Mobile Geographical Information System) applications are evolving along with development of mobility, geoinformatics. It represent user knowledge of the geographic details of the application area and the user's ambition to explore geographical maps anywhere, anytime. Network analysis is a major requirement and necessity for many smartphones users who need to know where they are or manage their travels and journeys. This idea faces many challenges in navigating online from exact user position to a destination point using algorithms and solutions for navigation software, in the same time fixing issues that can show in the process. This research paper presents a Mobile GIS application and emphasizes the role of Mobile network analysis for Mobile users with embedded GIS applications. This type of work differentiates Mobile GIS from other Geographical Information System achievements, such as desktop GIS and Web-GIS. Mobile GIS works have a low or zero cost because there is no need to buy special devices so that works can be done with a smartphone with GPS. Anyone who wants to improve these platforms can do it by creating an account. For geodetic precision, there are solutions to the problem as connecting a GNSS antenna to the Mobile device for field data collection (smartphone, tablet, etc.). For accomplishment of the field work there were used smartphones as Apple Iphone 6S, Apple Iphone 5S, and a tablet, Allview AX4 Nano with the Here Map Creator Mobile application installed, and the field data has been processed at the office directly on the Here Map Creator online platform. Mobile GIS applications have been made in the Mehala and Circumvalation neighborhoods, located in the N-V part of Timisoara, on the streets with blocks of flats and in the area with houses. The Here Map application was used to map and update field data, and Mapillary was used to build the street view map in which it was used. The work took place in several stages of the field, then at the office where the data was processed. The purpose of the paper was to upload the results to an on-line database. At the final stage, a review of the entire work was carried out by comparing the updated map with other Mobile GIS platforms such as openstreetmap.org and Google Maps.

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Mobile GIS, Here Map Creator, Database, GPS.

Presentation: oral

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CLIMATIC AND ALTITUDINAL EFFECTS ON PLANT SPECIES RICHNESS AND COVERAGE IN MONGOLIAN FORB-STEPPE pag. 29-34

Tserennadmid Bataa, Amartuvshin Narantsetseg

Main compound of Mongolian ecosystem is natural grassland. Because of increasing effects from humans and animals to the natural grassland, its vegetation cover has been changing considerably. The goal of this paper was to assess climatic and altitudinal effevts on planr species richness and coverage in Mongolian forb-steppe. Vegetation data were collected, using phytosociological methods, from 40 stands in eight areas a crossing approximately 300 km and covering a large proportion of the southeast part of Darkhan-Uul province's area. Mean species number was 18 and 15 in highland and lowland, indicating species number was higher in highland than in lowland (Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0.02). The mean species number was 18 and 16 near to (< 850 m) and far from river (> 2000 m) and it showed insignificance (Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0.23). All sites within highlands showed indifference of species number among years. In lowland, sites which near to river (< 850 m) showed lower species number for year with drought in June (2010), compared to for years with drought in May and normal weather. Species number in highlands was insignificant by years. That in lowlands was lower for year with drought in June than years with drought in May and normal weather. This difference was found in Zeder and Temeen Olom.

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communities, vegetation cover, dominant species, species richness

Presentation: oral

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STOMATIC CONDUCTANCE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT INDEX AND LEAF AREA OF SOME BEANS LOCAL CULTIVARS FROM NORTH-EAST OF ROMANIA, UNDER SALT STRESS pag. 35-39

Beatrice Alexandra MODIGA, Carmenica Doina JITĂREANU

Salinity represent the main factor which limits agricultural productivity and result from poor management of irrigation. This, put questioned the future of agriculture in a context in which areas affected by excess salinity they have come to be for over 200 milion hectares right across the planet and approximate 400.000 in Romania. At the moment, it is estimated that about 20% from irrigated surfaces from the world are affected by salinity and this trend grow with climate change and with the use of excess irrigation. From an agronomic point of view, salinity disrupts growth and plant physiology. Phaseolus vulgaris L. it is a sensitive species to the salts. For this reason, the purpose of work was determining the effect of excess NaCl on the dynamics of the chlorophyll content index and foliar stomatic conductivity of 7 bean genotypes, collected from saline soils, from north-east of Romania, as an indicator of salt stress tolerance.

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stress saline, Phaseolus vulgaris L., chlorophyll content index, stomata, conductance.

Presentation: poster

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THE INFLUENCE OF SALIN STRESS ON THE DESHIRE RITM AND OF WATER CONTENT AT FOLIAR LEVEL, TO SOME LOCAL POPULATIONS OF BEANS, FROM NORTH-EAST OF ROMANIA pag. 40-45

Beatrice Alexandra MODIGA, Carmenica Doina JITĂREANU

Phaseolus vulgaris L. is a species sensitive to salts. For this reason the purpose of the work was determining the effect of excess NaCl on the rate of dehydration and bound water content, to 7 bean genotypes, collected from saline soils, from north-east of Romania. Overall objective of the study it is to contribute to a better understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved in tolerance to saline stress of species Phaseolus vulgaris L. and identify local bean populations tolerant to salinity. These forms can be used for improvement morphological traits involved in achieving production capacity. The results showed that after 15 days of treatment, saline concentration did not influence significant the tracking parameters. Instead, after 30 days of treatment, the influence of salinity is very significant, which it demonstrates the adaptability present by these local genotypes, over a long period of time.

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dehydration rate, bound water, Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Presentation: poster

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THE EFFECT OF NUTRIMENT ELEMENTS (NPK) TO THE CROP OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) IN THE YEAR OF 2016-2017 pag. 46-53

Gábor Bencze, Zoltán Futó

The world's and the domestic maize growing technological development depends on the applied agricultural engineering largely. The most important thing the harmonic NPK nutrition solution to the crop increase and the reduction of the crop fluctuation. During our research we examined the different nutriment elements, and their proportions in monoculture long-term experiment of maize. The experiment was set up in Hungary at Szarvas in the experimental field of the University of Szent István, Faculty of Agricultural and Economics Studies, in Galambos. We reveal the plant physiology and technological contexts in our examinations, that the bases of the modern nutrient solutions, and the scientific bases of the efficient development of the maize growing system. We examined 64 nutrient combination in the experiment, 4 nitrogens portion (0 kg ha-1, 70 kg ha-1, 140 kg ha-1 and 210 kg ha-1), 4 phosphoruses portion (0 kg ha-1, 40 kg ha-1, 80 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1) and 4 potassiums portion (0 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1 and 180 kg ha-1) in different combinations. On the parcels all possible combinations get to a setting, which makes the examinations of the interaction of the nutriment elements. The setting of the experiment onto the bases of the old fertiliser experiment of Faculty on a similar manner, on similar principles, modernized to the scientific and practical claims of our days. We established that the role of the phosphorus and the potassium are smaller in the experiment, they affect the physiological processes of the maize advantageously mostly. The effect has on the average yield is smaller because it is based on the interaction of the different nutriment elements. The analysis of variance of the yields supported this, we experienced that the effect of nitrogen has the most significant difference. In our experiment the largest effect from among the examined three nutriment elements the nitrogen showed it, we experienced a smaller effect in case of the phosphorus and the potassium. From among the examined parameters significant differences only the nitrogen treatments could to justify, the effects the phosphorus and the potassium mostly trend character, the border of the significance was attained in a little proportion only. In the experiment the average yields were between 3,65 t ha-1 and 13,9 t ha-1.

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maize, nutrient supply, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Presentation: poster

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AVIFAUNA OF NATURA 2000 “GRUIA - GÂRLA MARE” SUMMER-FALL pag. 54-64

Alexandru C. BIRĂU1, Dan STĂNESCU2, Alma L. NICOLIN1*

This paper presents data on bird species from the “Gruia - Gârla Mare” Avifauna Special Protection Area (ROSPA0046) monitored during the summer-fall period. Weekly outings allowed us to identify 111 bird species of which 80 are nesting; we also monitored their abundance and the threats representing risk factors for the stability of bird populations in the future.

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avifauna, Gruia - Gârla Mare, Natura 2000 site

Presentation: oral

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GOLD MINING IN APUSENI MOUNTAINS BETWEEN SECOND PART OF XIX CENTURY -FIRST PART OF XX CENTURY pag. 65-70

Ph.D. Student Adrian Alexandru, BOGDAN, Professor, Ph.D.Habil.Eng. Mihaela TODERAS

The goal of the paper is to present the gold exploration in the Apuseni region which benefited from the modernization process imposed by the Habsburg and the Dualist authorities. The new laws and new technologies, the infrastructure lead to increased efficacy, bigger investments, all of which made the area to be known as the California of Europe. This research is ongoing, as many documents can be still found about this topic. The materials used were archive and library material. This topic was discussed mainly in Hungarian publications, this being the novelty and the limitation in the same time. The result obtained in this paper is the presentation of the modernization process, being a useful basis for further research. The data compiled in this paper was found in older publications and it is meant to synthetize various aspects of modernization of the exploration in the Apuseni Mountains.

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Modernization, Exploration, Exploitation, Gold mining, Gold production, Transilvania

Presentation: poster

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THE STUDY OF AUTUMN OAT LINES CREATED AND TESTED UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARH AND DEVELOPMENT STATION LOVRIN pag. 71-74

Bulai Andreea, Toma Ioan, Agapie Alina, Dragomir Neculai, Madosa Emilian

The overall objective of this work is to create oat varieties of high productivity and superior quality. To this experiencewe take in study 15 oat lines, which have been tested against the control variety, Sorin, the only oat of automn zoned. The 15 oat lines have been exclusiv created by Agricultural Research and Development Station Lovrin. According to the Duncan test, there are significant differences between genotypes studied in comparative competition cultures. Of the lines studied was remarked the 2503 line, which produced a 7100 kg/ha production, exceeding the control variety by 20%, being very statistically significant.

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autumn oat, quality, production

Presentation: poster

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CREATING AND USING GIS DATABASES FOR THE INVENTORY OF TREE SPECIES FROM CAMPUS OF BUSAMV "KING MICHAEL IST OF ROMANIA" FROM TIMISOARA pag. 75-85

Florina BURESCU, Olguța MORARIU, Mihai Valentin HERBEI

This study want to present how to achieve a geodatabase useful in the management of tree inventory projects. Inventory of trees from a certain area is part of the law of green spaces included in the law number 24 from 15 of January 2007 (the law follows the administration and the regulation of the urban green spaces). The green space is represent like a green area consisting of territories which have a significant value of natural heritage, which require protection. In another definition, the green space is seen as unique biodiversity ecosystems, what are threatened by the pollution. The local register of the green spaces is made up of all data (plans, maps, types of land) about the green space of a locality. It is an assembly of information collected using specific methods and procedures, then properly processed with the help of programs and finally end up with a database (GIS). The purpose of this work is to achieve a geodatabase which will included all the trees that are existing in Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Michael I of Romania" from Timisoara. Tree inventory will be done using the GNSS and GIS last generation technology , the attributes will be taken from the ground and will be created an online GIS map, which can be continually update and will allow trees to be monitored to protect them.

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campus, GIS, geodatabase, green cadaster, trees

Presentation: poster

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THE INFLUENCE OF WHEAT AND MAIZE CROPS IN ROTATION AND MONOCULTURE ON SOIL PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS pag. 86-90

Maria-Daniela BUTURUGĂ, D.I SĂNDOIU, Ghe. ȘTEFANIC, Liliana BĂDULESCU, Monica Luminița BADEA

As a living organism, zonally integrated into the environment and having specific features, the soil is in a permanent evolutionary process, both naturally and under the influence of human activity. The rotation of the crops influences the physiological components of the soil such as: the respiration potential, the cellulosolytic potential, and also the ability to lodge the atmospheric dinitrogen into the soil. The soil samples taken into study were harvested from soybean crops of a three-year rotation, corn coming from a 4-year field temporarely outside the crop rotation, and from monocultures of wheat and corn, the fertilized with N0P70 variety, from the Am horizon ( 0-20 centimeters). According to the data collected from the present study, the rotation of the crops influences the physiological elements of the soil. The highest cellulosolytic activity was registered by the soil which was cultivated with corn after wheat and the lowest one was registered to the soil cultivated with wheat after soybean. The respiration activity of the soil which was under the wheat monoculture was considerably more positive. The result of the analysis situated in the value group a. The highest quantity of atmospheric dinitrogen was lodged (fixed) in the soil under the monoculture of wheat, and the lowest one was fixed in the soil under the corn culture with rotation after the wheat.

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soil, dinitrogen, cellulosolytic activity, fertilization

Presentation: poster

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CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF APHIDS BY USING OF LADYBUGS SPECIES IN SOME ROSE VARIETIES pag. 91-95

Costea Alina, Grozea Ioana, Ștef Ramona

Aphids are considered to be the most common and most harmful species of insect attacking the rose. The western area of Romania is favorable for the development of a large number to the generations, regardless of the species of aphids. Reducing the population level of aphids by ladybugs (an inexpensive and environmentally friendly biological method is, in fact, the main objective of this paper). In recent years, the ladybugs populations have increased considerably in the natural environment, which has implicitly led to the reduction of the aphid populations present on the plants. It is known that the main food of the ladybugs is aphids, so the interaction between them has been and remains a permanent subject of research in the field of classical biological combat. Three biotic factors have been implicated in this paper: aphids, ladybugs, and rose. The place of observation was identified in the western area of country (Arad County, Santana village). The observations were made during the years 2016 and 2017 and materialized in weekly readings. The rose varieties studied were Rosa Blue Monday, Queen Elizabeth and Rosa Aida. Rose varieties were selected on the basis of frequency in the area and trade availability. Five plants of each variety were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that on all rose varieties there were both aphids and ladybugs. Aphids were represented by the species Macrosiphum rosae (rose aphid), Myzaphys rosarum (pink aphid of the rose) and the predators (ladybugs) of the invasive species Harmonia axyridis (Asian ladybugs). The Rosa Aida variety was highlighted by a total of 130.75 aphids consumed by predators. Average results were obtained on the Queen Elizabeth variety (21.7 aphid consumed). Low efficiency was recorded in the Rosa Blue Monday variety, where only 8.71 aphids were consumed. The explanation would be that where the aphid’s population is large and the population of the predators grows. As a recommendation, exploitation of ladybugs present in crops is encouraged. By naturally controlling biological exploitation of the ladybugs it reduces number of chemical treatments.

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words: biological control, aphids, ladybugs, rose.

Presentation: poster

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STUDIES REGARDING SOME MORPHOMETRIC AND BIOMASS ALLOCATION PARAMETERS IN THE URBAN HABITAT ON PLANTAGO MAJOR pag. 96-102

Adina-Daniela DATCU, F. SALA, Nicoleta IANOVICI

The present paper presents data obtained from a biomonitoring study conducted in the summer and fall of 2015 on Plantago major in Timișoara, Romania. P. major is a common perennial herb used as a bioindicator due to its adaptability to environmental conditions and occurrence in many urban habitats. Therefore, this species became of interest in habitat quality assessing. The studied parameters were leaves areas (LA) and lengths using Digimizer software, which allows a nondestructive, cheap and quick approach. Through other methods Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Total Dry Mass (TDM) and Dry Biomass Allocation Ratio (DBAR) were calculated. While Leaf Area presented significant variations among seasons and study zones, SLA values did not range so much. Furthermore, a strong association between leaves lengths and areas was obtained. On the other hand, TDM presented the highest values for the samples collected from Green Forest during the summer and the smallest values for the probes sampled from Urban area during the autumn. Biomass allocation ratios had also variations, and appeared that plants invested differently in aboveground or underground structures depending on season and habitat type.

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biomonitoring, Digimizer, Leaf Area, urban zone, biomass allocation ratio

Presentation: poster

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIC MATTER YIELD OF THE MAIZE FORAGE USING FOLIAR FERTILIZER “SINERGON 2000” AND MINERAL NITROGEN pag. 103-109

Igor DJURDJIC, Tanja JAKISIC, Milan JUGOVIC, Vesna MILIC

Maize is the main component in nutrition of domestic animals, not only for concentrated food, but for silage too. That is why the aim of this study was to examine the influence of the combination of the classic fertilization and foliar fertilization of the maize as well as its influence on the increase of the organic matter and protein in green mass. The study was conducted in the area of Mokro (43°52’34.03” (N) 18°36’28.56”(E) and 905mamsl), on land of the dystric cambisol type, in 2013. All agro technical measures were conducted on time and with quality. The influence of increasing doses of mineral nitrogen in fertilization on components of organic matter yield of the maize hybrid NS 3014, which is characterized by properties convenient for preparation of silage in mountainous area was examined, as well as foliar organomineral fertilizer “Sinergon 2000” which contain N, P, K, and more important microelements. Maize was additionally fertilized in phenophase of 6 leaves. Foliar usage of “Sinergon 2000” did not have significant impact on the increase of forage yield, and organic matter, but the increase in all variables of fertilization was noticeably increased.

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maize, “Sinergon 2000”, nitrogen, forage, protein, organic matter

Presentation: poster

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EVOLUTION OF THE COAL MINING SECTOR IN JIU VALLEY IN TERMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS pag. 110-117

Florin FAUR, Diana MARCHIȘ, Cătălin NISTOR

The concept of sustainable development has crystallized gradually in the ninth decade of the last century, ecologists and environmental economists defining it, initially, as that form of society development based on both the use of renewable natural resources at rates below their regeneration capacity and the optimal use of non-renewable resources, taking into account their substitution provided by technological progress. Starting from this definition, in the present paper, we analyzed the situation of coal mining in Jiu Valley (more precisely from the perspective of mine closure) and implications on the "sustainable development" of this region. As it is known, the process of "restructuring" the mining sector in Jiu Valley region started in the 90s continues today, so that only two mines (Livezeni and Vulcan) are expected to remain in operation after 2018. As almost any discussion related to energy resources is associated with the concept of sustainable development, in the present paper, we analyzed from this perspective the situation in Jiu Valley. For this purpose we used one of the best known tools in the field for analizing a region from the point of view of its integration into the concept of sustainable development of the society, represented by the SWOT analysis (strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats). Although the sustainable development of a region implies a type of development that satisfies the needs of the present generation, without compromising the opportunities (chances) of the next generations to satisfy their own needs, we consider that the closure of the mining exploitations in Jiu Valley does not answer to either of the two desires.

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coal mining, sustainable development, Jiu Valley, SWOT

Presentation: oral

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STUDY REGARDING THE WATER QUALITY OF JIU RIVER IN DOLJ COUNTY pag. 118-127

Florin FAUR, Izabela-Maria (APOSTU) NYARI, Maria LAZĂR

The central objective of the European Water Framework Directive is to achieve a "good status" for all water bodies, both surface and underground, with the exception of heavily modified and artificial bodies, for which the goal is to achieve a "good ecological potential". Based on the principles contained in this directive, at the level of the Jiu Craiova Water Basin Administration, a management plan is under development, a plan that has to solve the main problems related to water management, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Water management must provide solutions to ensure the current and future water needs of the population and the economy, starting from the renewable but limiting nature of freshwater resources. This paper presents a study carried out in the spring of this year, the main purpose of which was to characterize the Jiu River qualitatively on the administrative territory of Dolj county. Several water sampling campaigns from three control sections, established in partnership with the Jiu Craiova Water Basin Administration, were carried out for this purpose and the collected samples were analyzed in the analytical laboratory of the same institution and on the basis of the obtained results, conclusions were drawn regarding the Jiu River water quality in the analyzed sector, considering also the main existing sources of pollution.

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Jiu River, pollution, quality categories, water quality

Presentation: oral

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GROWTH DYNAMIC OF THE MAIN MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN A STERLET (ACIPENSER RUTHENUS) POPULATION REARED INTO RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM, FROM 2 TO 6-MONTHS-OLD pag. 128-134

Sorin FURDEAN, Dacian LALESCU, Sandra Antonia MIHAILOV, Adrian GROZEA*

The Danube sturgeons are fishes with high economic value, and their intensive aquaculture shown a wide interest from the Romanian investors. The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is the smallest sturgeon which could be found in the Danube basin, being a fresh water species with many useful characteristics which recommend it as a very good candidate for intensive aquaculture, in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This species can be found at this time in many Romanian farms, which are rearing sturgeons in RAS. The aim of this study is to emphasize the growth dynamic of the main morphological traits and the body indices in a population of sterlet fingerlings, during 4 months, between 2 to 6-month-old, reared into a RAS. The juveniles of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) used in this study were obtained using artificial reproduction of the broodfish reared exclusively in RAS in the spring of the year 2016. The juveniles were reared in RAS until the age of 2 months, when the biometrical study started. The RAS used for trials had 3 tanks, with one cubic meter of water each, and the water exchange rate was about once per hour. One hundred and fifty sterlet, 2 months old, were introduced into the 3 tanks of the RAS, 50 fish per tank, in triplication. The main body traits were measured twice per month, from the age of 60 days to the end of 6th month of fish life. The following measurements were carried out: total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL), head width (HW), snout length (SnL), maximum body depth (MBD), mouth width (MW) and body weight (BW). During the experimental period, the fish were fed with sturgeon feed produced by Coppens International (Nederland), with different sizes, from 1.2-1.5 mm to 3 mm according to fish sizes. The amount of feed per day was calculated as a percent of the total fish biomass established at each measurement made at every two weeks. The growth dynamic of the sterlet in the 4 months of study was very fast, with significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between measurements at every 2 weeks, in almost all cases. The TL of the fish increased from 134.37±11.92 mm to 359.53 mm and the BW greatly increased, from 10.2±2.27 g to 180.53±45.28 g. The other traits registered also good dynamics with certain patens emphasized in the paper. All of these allowed the drafting of growth curves for different traits, very useful for sturgeon farmers but not only.

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sturgeons, sterlet, growth dynamic, RAS

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REMAINS CYDALIMA PERSPECTALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) AN INVASIVE SPECIES DANGEROUS FOR LANDSCAPING IN WESTERN ROMANIA? pag. 135-141

Ionel GUGEA, Ana – Maria VÎRTEIU

Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) is a new invasive pest native to Asia, who’s first recorded in Europe, was in 2007 in the south-western Germany (KRŰGER, 2008). Then spread rapidly throughout the European Union, most likely due to active larvae colonization, but also due to human introduction once with the seedlings. The larvae stage is the dangerous one, the Cydalima perspectalis larvae feed on the leaves of Buxus sempervirens plants, causing serious damage by a qualitative decreasing of the landscaping (the green spaces between apartment buildings, gardens and parks in the cities). Current status of this invasive species is to expansion in the western part of Romania. The purpose of this paper is to present an update of the geographical distribution of Cydalima perspectalis species in western Romania and to mention new records from this part of the country. Currently the species Cydalima perspectalis is present all over Romania, being very abundant, especially in August and September, in nurseries, public and private gardens, and also in parks. Across Timiș County, they were collected a total of 2348 larvae specimens in all 10 localities studied. Most specimens were collected from Timisoara. Larvae of Cydalima perspectalis were observed for the first time on Buxus sempervirens plants in four localities across Timiș County: Gătaia, Recas, Făget and Ciacova.

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Cydalima perspectalis, invasive species, Buxus sempervirens, landscaping, western Romania

Presentation: oral

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CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMORPHISM FOUND IN ADULTS FROM POPULATIONS OF DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA IN DIFFERENT MAIZE HYBRIDS pag. 142-147

Horgos Horatiu, Ioana Grozea

The species Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Le Conte) is part of the Chrysomelide family of the Coleoptera order. Overall, the Diabrotica genus includes insects that prefer cucurbitaceae. In particular, beetles are adapted to differentiated feeding diet, so that Diabrotica virgifera feeds and survives predominantly in corn crops. In its living environment, the beetles are often seen on plants or flying, looking for food or in moments of copulation and feeding. However, at the level of morphology and taxonomy of adult form, the species of the Diabrotica genus are still confused, with a pronounced polymorphism. It is difficult to establish some genetic standards in identifying interspecific features. It is known that geographical locations can influence the ratio of individuals of a population, especially among individuals of the same species (males and females). Going on this point, in this paper we want to show whether there are or not morphological variations between adult insect populations, that have previously been collected from different places and different corn hybrids. Studies have been conducted on beetle populations from 7 different corn cultures. Crops were located in different locations (different localities from Timis and Arad County) in the western area of Romania. The collecting of the beetles was done manually, directly from plants (leaves and silk) in July and August, during of 2007 year. Detailed studies have been conducted at microscope. Later on, the beetles were divided into morphological categories. The targeted morphological characters were body length, antenna length, elytra coloration, and background color of the body. The observed results concluded that there are morphological differences between beetles from different populations but also between beetles belonging to the same population. Additionally, the variation of coloration has strengthened the fact that food color can imprint a similar nuance to the background color of the beetle and this is because feeding intensely on the same plants.

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Diabrotica virgifera, polymorphism, insect populations, corn hybrids.

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ASPECTS REGARDING THE USE OF THE MODELLING METHOD IN BIOLOGY LESSONS pag. 148-153

Lavinia Laza, Narcisa Georgeta Crista

Considering the importance and necessity of stimulating logical thought, creativity and originality in pupils, it is necessary to use active and activating didactic strategies and learning methods. This paper presents some specific modalities to use the modelling method in secondary school biology study. We discuss aspects regarding the methodology of using some models for the observation and exploration of living organisms, processes and phenomena from the living world and we present examples of modelling application in biology lessons.Also, we discuss the benefits of applying this method to the study of biology in secondary school.

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teaching strategy, modelling method, biology lesson

Presentation: oral

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THE CUMULATIVE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVES IN ULTRAMAFIC SOILS OF ALBANIA pag. 154-159

Oliver Lekaj 1, Besnik Gjongecaj 2

ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to determine the most representative cumulative particle-size distribution curves for some typical mafic soils in Albania, and by them, replacing the soil textural triangles for a more realistic texture assessment and practical usage. That is the reason why it was a number of three various textural soils picked up of Albania for being considered in the study. The pipette method was applied to measure the relative participation of clay silt and sand particles and all of this was described in a manual book given under references. The particle sizes range comprised the three well-known classifications of soil particles in the most part of them: USDA, ISSS, and Katschinski, considering the three ones as the most widespread and prevailing classifications. The mafic soils under investigation, spread in Albania, were grouped in three sections, each of them representing respectively the heavy, medium, and light soils from the textural viewpoint. The regression analysis was applied to determine the best mathematical function fitting the distribution of relative participation in percentages of particles of various sizes. The results were that the best fit for the three groups is a semi logarithmic function, because it provided the highest coefficient of regression (determination). The very high regression coefficients, close to 1, and also, the precondition described as the soil under investigation should be well graded, created the possibility to replace the soil textural triangles by the indicated cumulative particle-size distribution curves, avoiding the arbitrary characteristics the textural triangles show.

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agroecosystem component, soil, texture, ultramafic soils, cumulative particle-size distribution curve, textural triangle classification.

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STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF NON-CRYSTALLINE DOLOMITE AND FERTILIZATION ON HARVEST AND WHEAT QUALITY IN THE REGION OF ACID SOILS IN THE WEST OF THE COUNTRY pag. 160-165

Florin LENESCHI, Gheorghe DAVID

According to the data of ICPA Bucharest (2010), the area of acid soils in Romania is 3.424.000 hectares, out of which 1.867.000 hectares represent arable land which needs to be amended by applying calcium amendments. Based on the data gathered by the agricultural chemistry laboratories, Z. Borlan et al. (1969) showed that at the end of 1967 the area of soils needing improvement by applying calcareous amendments represents 1.700.000 hectares, out of which 1.100.000 hectares are arable land and 500.000 ha represent grasslands and non-alpine meadows. Out of the total areas needing amendments, 71.720 hectares are located on the current territory of Caras Severin County, a county in which Vermes commune is located where the research was carried out. The material used for amendments was dolomite which has a content of CaO 32.8%, CaCO3 58.5%, Mg 0.19%, Mg CO3 40.9%. The used wheat species was the common wheat (sp. Triticum aestivum L. ssp. Vulgare, erythrospermum variety). The climate of the area according to the Köppen classification is c.f.b.x. The soil on which the study was made is a typical gley soil that is very strongly gleyed. The experiences were bifactorial in which the A factor represented the applied dolomite dose and the B factor was the fertilization level. The synthesis of the obtained results highlights the favourable effect of the dolomite which increased the harvest by 19% in the version amended of 2 t/ha and by 30% in the version amended with 4 t/ha. The nitrogen fertilizers applied on a constant basis of P80K80 favourably influenced the harvest that increased together with the applied dose of 12% in the version fertilized with N50 and by 36% in the version fertilized with N200. The analysed quality indexes, respectively the mass of 1000 grains (MMB g), standard mass per storage volume (MH kg/hl), protein content (%) and wet gluten content (%) were favourably influenced by the correction of acidity via the application of dolomite and fertilization with NPK, with the values specified in the paperwork. In conclusion, the research results show that the application of dolomite in doses of 2-4 tons/ha is grounded and assures economic increases of the harvest in wheat in areas containing acid soils.

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Effect of the dolomite in wheat on acid soils.

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GEOTECHNICAL STUDY AND DIMENSIONING FOR THE STRUCTURE OF THE AGRICULTURAL ROAD 122, FROM GODINEŞTI COMMUNE, GORJ COUNTY pag. 166-173

Diana MARCHIȘ, Cătălin NISTOR

In the context of the need to modernize and develop the agricultural sector, the development of access roads for agricultural exploitation has become a goal without which progress can not be achieved. With the start of the National Rural Development Program, it was necessary to find solutions for the dimensioning the road structures for certain agricultural areas of Romania, so in this paper we carried out a punctual research for an agricultural road situated in the commune of Godinesti, Gorj County. The road sector covered by this paper originates in P1 (km 0 + 000) at the junction with the county road DJ 672 and the destination in P 23 (km 1 + 100). The length of the agricultural road sector is of 1.100,00 m. In which regards the existing situation of the analyzed road sector, following the visual inspection and geotechnical investigations, it is noted that the agricultural road sector does not correspond to the actual requirements imposed for the category of use. Based on topographical, geological, hydrogeological and seismological studies conducted over the years in the area, the were carried out the necessary calculations for the sizing of an elastic road construction (with asphaltic structure) that can be used by agricultural machinery of up to 7.5 t, and the project for its implementation was completed.

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agricultural road, rural development, asphaltic structure

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THE MONITORING RESULTS OF THE GREEN STINK BUGS (NEZARA VIRIDULA L.) IN CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 174-179

Viorela Corina MARCU, Ioana GROZEA

Nezara viridula, popularly known as the green stink bug, is a pentatomide species considered to be invasive for our country. Its place of origin is a tropical area in Africa. Continuous adaptation to other temperate, cooler areas is a feature of adaptability and serious consideration. Evolution of the species at European level highlights its presence in 25 countries. Being a species recently introduced in Romania (2010), monitoring activities are encouraged. Previous studies have highlighted the presence of the species in the western part of the country, more precisely in Timis County. Partial references of its presence in the southwest of the country have convinced us that through this paper we will focus on monitoring activities. The main purpose is to identify new places where the pest is present and, of course, to identify new host plants. The damage to crops and repercussions on the productions were detected. The observations were carried out between June and October 2017. The target area was Caras Severin County. There were 5 observation points (OP) for 8 localities or observation zones (OZ), so that the 40 OP cover the entire county. The research methodology is an adapted one, currently there are no monitoring methods and population evaluation with the specificity of the Nezara. For this purpose, field movements were conducted, where direct readings were made on the plants and also samples of attacked plants were taken. Field activity was mixed with laboratory activity to identify the stage of development and the host plant. The obtained results showed that most exemplars were found in BSZO3PO4 in the Bocsa area, August (with an average of 87.6 individuals/5 readings). Insects have also been observed in Oravita and Moldova Noua, Caransebes and Baile Herculane, respectively in the ORZO4PO2, MNZO5PO3, CSZO2PO2 and BHZO8PO3 (4) points. The host plants identified in 2017 were beans, tomatoes, cucumbers and raspberries. In the observation areas of Anina, Resita and Otelu Rosu, no individuals or plants with characteristic symptoms were found. In comparison to the previous years, the species has modified its habitats and also the population level.

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Nezara viridula, green stink bug, monitoring, invasive, observation points.

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STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL FROM THE CATTLE AND PIG FARMING SECTOR pag. 180-188

Elena MARICA, Mihai Teopent CORCHEŞ

Agriculture is considered to be a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The main activity of gas generation is livestock farming, especially cattle and pig farming, according to many studies conducted internationally. The main greenhouse gases are water vapors, methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia. Methane emitted in the atmosphere is considered to be more harmful than carbon dioxide, accelerating the global warming phenomenon. Methane emissions from the livestock sector result from metabolic processes and manure. Ammonia is another gas resulting from the growth of animals that, in high concentrations, affect the health of the population, the animals and the environment. Ammonia emissions are influenced by factors such as animal feed composition, temperature, humidity, livestock shelter, etc. Greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming, an international problem for which solutions are still being sought. The phenomenon of global warming implies serious environmental, population and animal effects, and agriculture is one the cause of the rise in annual average temperature. This is why the emphasis is on identifying sources of air pollution and ways to mitigate the adverse effects of the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is to estimate emissions into the air at national level in the cattle and pig breeding sector. The official data provided by the National Institute of Statistics was used to carry out this study. Based on these data, emissions were estimated for each calendar year between 1990 and 2016, and then the results were interpreted to track the evolution of gas emissions from this sector. It has been noted that Romania has experienced a regression in livestock farming nationwide according to the data provided by the National Institute of Statistics therefore the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from the zootechnical sector is significantly diminishing.

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greenhouse gas emissions methane, ammonia, cattle and pig farming

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE BEHAVIOUR OF A MAIZE HYBRID VARIETY UNDER PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE MUREȘULUI MEADOW pag. 189-192

Aranka MATYUS, Florin CRISTA, Lucian BOTOS

Abstract: Due to the very high productivity and multiple uses of its products in human food, in animal husbandry an industry, corn is one of the most important crops on our planet (Imbrea, et al., 2011). Due to the large surfaces it covers, and especially due to its high productions, mankind depends on corn for food (David, et al., 2003). In this context, even though it is one of the oldest plants cultivated, corn still remains one of the most studied plants. The large number of hybrids homologated for cultivation in Romania hinder farmers in selecting the right hybrid variety which should insure, in the current context of climatic changes, constancy in production and, implicitly, superior performance (Gros, et al., 2010). The current research answers this challenge in an area where maize, next to wheat, covers the largest cultivated surfaces. The bilogic matrial used in this research is represented by Dekalb maize hybrids, the research highlighting the special value of the biologic amterial and the favourable response to the applied technology.

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maize, technology, pedoclimatic conditions

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POLYCULTURE OF THE PIKEPERCH (SANDER LUCIOPERCA) FINGERLINGS INTO RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEM, WITH STERLET (ACIPENSER RUTHENUS) OR EUROPEAN CATFISH (SILURUS GLANIS) – A PRELIMINARY STUDY pag. 193-198

Sandra Antonia MIHAILOV, Nicoleta Adela MIHOC, Dacian LALESCU, Adrian GROZEA

Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is one of the most appreciated fish species found in many European countries, in natural waters and in fish farms as well. This species started recently to be reared into recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) but the farming technology has to be improved continuously in order to increase the fish production and to reduce the production costs. The aim of this study was to test two polyculture variants of the pikeperch, with sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and with European catfish (Silurus glanis), in order to reveal the best candidate species to be reared together with pikeperch into the same tank, in RAS. The pikeperch and sterlet fingerlings used in our study were obtained in RAS, in the spring of the year 2017, from broodstok exclusively reared in RAS. At the study starting, the fish had 6 months and 5 months old, for pikeperch and sterlet, respectively. The European catfish fingerlings were obtained through artificial method using broodstock from ponds, and reared in RAS until the age of 4 months, when our study starts. The RAS used for the fish rearing had four tanks, with 1 cubic meter of water each. Two variants of polyculture were tested in replication: pikeperch with sterlet, and pikeperch with European catfish. The fish biomass of the secondary species represented about 21% from the pikeperch biomass in each variant. The fish were fed with dry food SUPREME-10, size 3mm (Coppens International, Nederland), the amount being calculated as 2.5% from pikeperch biomass, being adjusted twice per month. The main body traits (total length, standard length, maximum high and body weight) were measured at the beginning of the study, and afterwards twice per the month covering this preliminary study. Based on the data obtained after the measurements, the main bio-productive indices like Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Daily Growth Rate (DGR), Weight Gain (WG), Feed Eficiency (FE) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), were calculated. The results revealed that both species used in our study as secondary species in polyculture with pikeperch, are suitable and could lead to a good valorization of the feed into RAS, but the polyculture of the pikeperch with European catfish seems to be more advantageous. Anyway, more studies should be carry out for a better understanding of all aspects linked to these polyculture formulas used for pikeperch farming in RAS.

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pikeperch, polyculture, sterlet, European catfish, RAS

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RESPONSE OF WINTER RAPESEED YIELD TO DIFFERENT DOSES OF FERTILIZER pag. 199-204

A. MOȚ, Roxana Maria MADJAR, Gina VASILE SCĂEȚEANU

Rapeseed culture is a relatively new type of crop in our country. The rapeseed for oil production was reintroduced in Romania in 1995 and until this period, the areas planted with rape were relatively small. At the moment, between 400000 and 500000 ha per year are grown in our country every year, rarely being altogether harvested. The rapeseed on relatively large areas is compromised due to the winter frost. The growth of rapeseed areas in our country is due to some facts such as: the introduction of varieties and hybrids free of erucic acid and glucosinolates, the cultivation of varieties and hybrids resistant to wintering and falling off, the full mechanization of the crops, the high demand of rapeseed on the external and internal market, especially for fuel production. Rapeseed requires a high fertilization being a great nutrients consumer. Fertilizer doses depend on planned yield and soil agrochemical characterization by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium available content. The research was carried out in Ialomita County during the agricultural year 2016-2017, on a calcic chernozem using Vesuvio hybrid which present good resistance to frost and have a high capacity to regenerate. The experimental scheme was composed from 4 variants (3 replicates), denoted as it follows: V1 – 18-46 DAP 150 kg + NH4NO3 150 kg; V2 – 18-46 DAP 150 kg + NH4NO3 200 kg; V3 – 18-46 DAP 200 kg + NH4NO3 150 kg; V4 – 18-46 DAP 200 kg + NH4NO3 200 kg. The objectives of the research consisted in evaluation of the influence of mineral fertilization on: rapeseed yield, average height of plant at harvest time, number of lateral branches per plant, number of siliques per plant and on seeds number per silique. The results indicated that application of additional fertilizer doses led to significant yield differences for V3 (110%) and V4 (116%) as against V1 (100%) that was considered as control variant. The other indicators were more or less influenced, depending on the type of fertilization.

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fertilization, hybrid, rapeseed, yield

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ERODIBILITY OF ULTRAMAFIC SOILS IN ALBANIA pag. 205-214

Pranvera Mziu ,Besnik Gjongecaj

Albania is known for having a considerable area of ultramafic soils, which are mainly located on the southeastern part of the country. The major part of this area is under intensive research aiming the recognition of status and its behavior above of all, and after, finding out the best ways and practices to improve the soil productivity. This is also, firstly, in fact, the broad aim of the research undertaken by our research team and presented in this article. Secondly, the more concrete aim is to determine, in real magnitudes, the capacity of these very specific soils to resist to erosion, which is a very widespread and dangerous phenomenon in the area where this type of soils occur naturally. That is why, the relationships existing between the erodibility index, K, and the textural factors, particularly clay and silt contents in ultramafic substrates (serpentines), is also at the centre of this study. The most typical ultramafic soils in Albania are considered to be the “ground” to determine these relationships. For each soil under consideration, the soil texture, organic matter, soil structure and soil permeability are determined experimentally. The above-mentioned measurements were used to calculate the erodibility factor for every single soil under consideration, by applying the Wischmeier equation. After, the erodibility factor, K, already determined, was considered, theoretically at least, as affected by the relative presence of clay and silt particles in soil. In order to determine this relationship quantitatively, which is believed to be a cause-effect relationship as well, the regression analysis was undertaken. The findings revealed interesting and specific relations between the erodibility factor and both: clay and silt contents, respectively. The very essential result was that the direction of dependency of soil erodibility on the clay content is the opposite of the direction of dependency of soil erodibility on the silt content. The increase of clay content in serpentines soils leads to a decrease of the soil erodibility; but the increase of silt content of the same type of soils leads to an increase of the soil erodibility.

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soil erodibility, ultramafic soils, Wischmeier equation, soil texture, organic matter, soil structure, soil permeability.

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SCAN LEAFAREA – A SOFTWARE APPLICATION USED IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE FOLIAR SURFACE OF PLANTS pag. 215-224

R. Drienovsky, Alma L. Nicolin, C. Rujescu, F. Sala

The importance of knowing the plant’s individual foliar surface and the foliar indexes has led, in time, to the development of a series of methods that help in the determination of the foliar surface. Among these methods, the ones based on imagery are of high interest. The present study reveals the Scan LeafArea application, used in the determination of the foliar surface of plants. The leaves from three species of trees have been studied, Birch (Betula pendulata Roth), walnut (Jugland regia L.) and silver lily (Tilia tomentosa Moench). The leaves were randomly harvested from the tree crowns and were scanned in a 1:1 ratio in the RGB color system. The Scan LeafArea application was developed in Processing Program, with codes written in Java programming language. The foliar surface has been determined by the present application and by a well-known software program, ImageJ that helped in the results comparison. The leaves of the birch tree had a foliar surface that ranged between 13.43 – 44.48 cm2 with a mean value of 28.55±2.67 cm2 by using the proposed application, and the ImageJ software has obtained values between 13.25 – 44.71 cm2 and a mean value of 28.59 cm2. The mean difference between the two methods was -0.04 cm2. By using Scan LeafArea application, the leaves of the walnut, had a foliar surface ranging from 21.92-114.30 cm2 with a mean value of 65.78 cm2. For the same type of leaves, the ImageJ program has registered the following results: values between 21.32 - 114.32 cm2 with a mean value of 65.47 cm2 and the mean difference between the two methods is represented by the value 0.31 cm2. The same process had been held for the linden leaves and with the help of the Scan LeafArea, its foliar surface ranged between 23.89 - 98.11 cm2 with a mean value of 63.96 cm2. ImageJ had the following results: foliar surface value: 23.25 - 97.94 cm2 and mean value: 63.58 cm2. The mean difference between the program and the software is 0.37 cm2. The relationship between the foliar surface determined by the application Scan LeafArea and the one revealed by ImageJ software has been described by the first degree mathematical equations in the following statistical condition: p<0.001, R2=0.999.

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Scan LeafArea, foliar surface, leaves, plants, IT application, Processing Program, Java

Presentation: oral

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SCAN SICK&HEALTHY LEAF – A SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF THE LEAVES ATTACK pag. 225-233

R. Drienovsky, Alma L. Nicolin, C. Rujescu, F. Sala

Destructive and non-destructive methods have been used over time to determine the foliar surface of plants. The foliar surface at apple is specific to the various biotypes grown and varies with environmental and technological factors. The active photosynthetic surface is often affected by diseases and pests. The present study had the purpose an IT application for determining the sick and healthy foliar surface, Scan Sick&Healty Leaf, developed in the Processing program, with code lines written in Java programming language. A logical scheme edited in VISIO outlined the work steps. Based on the application, this determinate the total, healthy and sick foliar surface affected by the diseases and pests attack at apple leaves (Dysaphis ssp. and Venturia inaequalis). In the case of leaves attacked by gallmite, the total leaf surface varied between 13.57 - 32.74 ± 1.82 cm2, healthy area between 4.77 - 25.53 ± 1.98 cm2 and the attack area between 7.21 - 16.03 ± 0.83 cm2 with a percentage weight between 22.01 - 66.94 ± 4.59%. In cases of Venturia inaequalis attack, the total foliar surface of the studied leaves oscillated between 11.31 - 39.92 ± 3.34 cm2, the healthy leaf area ranged from 8.81 - 39.28 ± 3.44 cm2 and the attack area was between 0.64 - 5.72 ± 0.64 cm2 in absolute values, respectively between 1.61 - 38.09 ± 3.64% in percentages values. The ANOVA test revealed the existence of variance in the experimental data group, under statistical safety, F > F crit, p<<0.001. Analyzing the mean values shown in table 3 for the healthy surface (12.656 cm2) compared to that attacked by the gallmite (11.49 cm2), a ratio of 1.10: 1 was found. And under the same conditions of healthy surface area analysis (20.96 cm2) against the Venturia inaequalis attack (3.164 cm2), a ratio of 6.62: 1 was recorded.

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attacked leaves, leaf area, IT application, plant diseases, plant pests, Processing program

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ANINA LOCAL PROJECTION SYSTEM AND THE CONNECTION TO GAUSS KRUGER AND STEREOGRAPHIC 1970 SYSTEMS pag. 234-242

Anamaria NEDA, Andrada Mădălina Maria STOICONI, M.V. Herbei

By applying modern technology, it is felt to increase the speed of execution of complex topographic works/projects, such as the connections between adjacent mining perimeters, but different as a topographical reference system. Due to these types of works there are problems of extending the topographical network within the mine field and beyond its limits. It should be borne in mind that the topographic network was constituted at that time in the applied reference system, either locally or localized to the national one. Regarding these aspects, the need to find ways of homogenization between the different reference systems applied in the territory of our country appeared. In this study, we discuss the coordinate transformation module from a local reference system in the national systems, Gauss Kruger and STEREOGRAFIC 70, for the Anina mining field. For the Anina mining field, the name of the reference system was given by the Ministry of Mines with the name of the plain mine and the year of construction, namely ANINA 17. The ANINA 17 reference system was materialized through a complex topographic triangulation network. Adopting the initial coordinate system is a step forward in the direction of sorting topographic projects. With the expansion of these works in adjacent areas, attention was drawn to the difficulties encountered in the calculations and graphical interpretations in the four quadrants of the coordinate system. Finally, the existing mining system is adopted by changing the values for the origin point S from the initial coordinates YS = 0.000 and XS = 0.000, then YS = 5.000,000 and XS = 5.000,000, so that in the end the coordinates of the origin S are YS = 50.000,000 and XS = 50.000,000 , Y remains pointing to north, and Z is set against the middle level of the Adriatic Sea. This new Reference System was called the Popului Projection. The link between the Popului Projection and the national reference system was achieved by transformation the coordinates of this project into the Gauss 1962 projection through the analytical method based on common point pairs.

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ANINA 17, mining field, projection plan

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EFFICACY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC LOCAL STRAIN OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA AGAINST THE LOCUST pag. 243-248

Otgonjargal KHURELDAGVA, Ioana GROZEA, Codruta CHIS, Purevjargal GANBOLD, Battur BANZRAGCH & Enkhbold NANJ

Abstract. Insects are considered organisms that can be controlled by the Beuveria bassiana fungus. The mode of action of the fungus is through contact, the parasite-host insect interaction being encouraged. From this interaction there is the death of the infected organism. In this case, the target (infected) organism is an insect of the order Orthoptera (locust), the genus Oedaleus (sp. Asiaticus). The purpose of the paper was to evaluate the effect of parasite spores on mortality and, implicitly, population reduction of the locusts. The working method consisted in determining the biological activity of the local Beuveria bassiana (G07) strain against locusts. Thus, it was shown that 100% bioactivity was present at 2.11 x 109 spores/ml in laboratory studies and showed 83.8% bioactivity against locusts from genus Angaracris at 3.5 * 1013 spores/ha, in the field experiment (pasture). So, it can be concluded that the Beauveria bassiana biological insecticide can be used at 3.5 * 1013 spores/ha against locusts in field conditions.

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fungi, insect, pasture, bioinsecticide

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THE STUDY OF SOME QUALITIES AND PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES USED IN THE BREEDING PROCESS. pag. 249-253

Pîțu Sorin-Daniel;Madosa Emilian

In the present paper an analysis of 10 winter wheat varieties, both qualitatively and quantitatively, of the wheat production made at Agricultural Research and Development Lovrin, aiming at identifying valuable sources of genes to be introduced in the breeding process of the wheat. The results obtained show that the Apache, Aerobic and Azimut varieties have produced statistically ensured yields superior to the average of the experience, also that the Ciprian variety is a source of important genes for simultaneous breeding in protein content and wet gluten in wheat. Current and future concerns include sustaining wheat production and grain quality by getting breeding line and varieties with high production yield and high quality.

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winter wheat, quality, production, varieties

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EXECUTION OF THE TOPOGRAPHICAL WORKS FOR THE TABULATION OF AN AGROTOURISTIC BOARDING HOUSE PROJECT IN SĂVÂRŞIN LOCALITY, ARAD COUNTY pag. 254-260

Popescu Lavinia, Stuleanec Andreea, Șelariu Roxana Lăcrimioara Coordonator Ș.L. dr. ing.Bârliba Costel

The present documentation is made up of a topographic work towards preparing the project for an AGROTOURISTIC PENSION. This was done at the request of the beneficiary who will complete the work through European funds.. The drawn and written pieces were set up in accordance with the no. 50/1991 Law, republished with the subsequent amendments and additions. The building is located in the town of Temeșești, no. 11, Săvârşin Commune, Arad County and is privately owned. The land of 3348 square meters is inscribed in C.F. 301432 Săvârşin target topographic number 301432. The land is located on the upper terrace of the Mures River, a high meadow area, without the danger of flooding. The land is parallel to the street, with a street front of 1645, and access by means of transport like cars of small capacity to minibus level. There is pedestrian access in the area by using the pavement on the property's edge, the green area and the river drainage ditch between the sidewalk and the road. Access inside the building is on the south side of the street over a footbridge with a load of up to 7.5 tons. The Agroturistic Boarding House will be a tourist accommodation complex located in the rural area of Temeșești, which will offer accommodation services through the future construction of the pension, a restaurant where 3 meals based on traditional products obtained from own resources or in the immediate vicinity can be served; and leisure , relaxation and recreation activities in the specially arranged area in the pension yard, car park with a capacity of up to 8 parking spaces arranged at the entrance pension and its precincts. Agropoda will be a family business with separate access to the restaurant for tourists not accommodated in the pension and access ways inside the boarding house for tourists that are billed at the pension. In the hotel area, the access to the rooms will be provided by an access ladder in the attic area, where there will be a number of 6 rooms available, equipped with their own sanitary units and a balcony. The topographical works in their initial stage consisted of the topographical surveys of identification and subsequent drawing of the construction, and in theur final phase, which is the actual object of this work of creating surveys on each floor of the building. For this stage, two distomate-telemeter laser topographical instruments were used , and also specialized graphics software such as AutoCAD.

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distomat, situation plan, survey.

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ROOT DAMAGES AND ROOT MASS IN CONDITIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INFESTATION WITH WESTERN CORN ROOTWARM EGGS pag. 261-268

Branka POPOVIĆ, Snežana TANASKOVIĆ, Sonja GVOZDENAC

Maize production represents one of the most important segments for agriculture in Serbia. The Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera sp. virgifera (Col., Chrysomelidae), is the most dangerous maize pest, causing severe losses worldwide. Field experiment was carried out in Bečej (Vojvodina province, Serbia). In field, 96 plants were selected, and arranged in 48 pairs. In each pairs one plant represented artificially infested plant (D plant), and the second plant was the control plant (C plant). Damages and mass of the roots were measured and evaluated in September 2016 and August 2017. Root damages were ranked from 1 to 6, according to Ostlie and Notzel (1987) scale. The root mass was measured on a technical balance. According the mentioned scale, 93.75% of D and C plants in 2016 and 95.83% of D and C plants in 2017 was with different level of root injuries. The number of D plants with rate 6 in 2017 was higher for 27.09% then in 2016, while the number of C plants with rate 6 in 2017 was higher only for 2.08% compared to 2016. The number of both, D and C plants with rate 1 in 2016 and 2017 was 3 and 2, respectively. The differences between damages on D and C plants, based on the root damage and root mass were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test (One-way ANOVA). Statistical analysis of damages and root mass in 2016 shows that there are no significant differences between D and C plants, while in 2017 differences between D and C plants was statistically very significant, with more damages on D plants. The differences in damages and root mass between D plants in 2016 and 2017 were statistically very significant. Statistical analysis shows that there are no significant differences between C plants in 2016 and 2017 based on root damages while differences on root mass were statistically very significant.

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Maize, WCR, level of damages, root mass

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TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR REGISTRATION IN THE LAND BOOK OF A FARM IN PECICA TOWN pag. 269-275

Bella-Pscherhoffer REKA, Bella-Pscherhoffer ZOLTAN, Stoiconi ANDRADA MADALINA MARIA

Abstract

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total station, topographic elevations, building identification

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CAD AND GIS TECHNIQUES IN GEOREFERENCING MAPS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF MEADOWS IN ARAD COUNTY pag. 276-283

PhD Student Mihai SIMON, Prof. PhD Cosmin-Alin POPESCU, PhD Loredana COPĂCEAN, Prof. PhD Luminiţa COJOCARIU

The agricultural territory, delimited and represented by the farthest "cartographic series", is considered to be a "real challenge" in terms of identification and "spatialization" given its spatio-temporal dynamics. Changing the destination of agricultural land and resizing parcels implies the instability of topo-cadastral boundaries, making old mapping materials used in the land use analysis non-permanent. If in the first complex cartographic representations, 100-150 years ago were delimited agricultural fields with different surfaces and destinations, the current situation is very different. Based on this rationale, the present study aims at updating the topo-cadastral databases and materials referring explicitly to the surfaces used as meadows and grassland at the level of Arad county through methods and techniques specific to CAD and GIS environment. It follows the degree of scientific "safety" provided by the old cartographic representations, as well as the possibility of using other current cartographic materials to complement and validate the extracted information so as to create a more accurate picture of the reality on the ground. Following the analysis of the old topographical and cadastral maps and the current mapping materials, significant differences were found regarding the area and the position of the meadows, which alters their share in the total agricultural area. Old cadastral and topographic maps can provide general information about existing grassland at county level, but can no longer be a "safe source" of information. Following the identification of grasslands, their representation and analysis together with other geospatial data sets can be made.

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georeferencing, mapping, representation, pasture, updating

Presentation: oral

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LIQUIRITIAE RADIX – A SHORT REVIEW OF ITS PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS pag. 284-289

Simona SPÎNU, Alina ORŢAN, Alexandru CĂLIN, Ionuţ MORARU, Daniela IONESCU

Liquiritiae radix is a popular root plant with a very rich history and medical and industrial applications, being consumed since the old times until nowadays by human people. As the complementary medicine has developed considerably in the last decades, L. radix has become an interesting subject for researchers. The aim of this work is to highlight the most important active compounds and their application in the treatment of various types of diseases and conditions, from easy cough to antitumor effects.

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Liquiritiae radix, bioactive compounds, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhitic acid, applications

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STUDIES CONCERNING THE INFLUENCE OF BASE BASED WORK ON THE PRODUCTION IN THE AUTUMN ORZOAICA pag. 290-296

SUBULESCU LAURA, PÎRȘAN PAUL , BOTOȘ LUCIAN, OKROȘ ADALBERT

In the agricultural year 2015 we organized a monofactorial experience that followed the behavior of the autumn barley in three variants of the basic soil work  Disqualified the third year;  Year II discarded;  Discuit year I;  Arat. The pre-plant was corn. The agricultural year 2015 was one with excess wetted precipitation in the winter months, which led to an excess of soil moisture in the variants where the base soil work was replaced by the disking. Due to the known sensitivity of the barley to excess moisture during the cold season of the year there were losses of plants which eventually led to significant decreases in production

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agricultural,soil,production

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND RISK GENERATED BY THE EXTRACTION IN QUARRIES OF CONSTRUCTION ROCKS - CASE STUDY TURCOAIA QUARRY pag. 297-307

Mihai Nicolae TIBA

At present, in Tulcea County there are 50 quarries, of different sizes, that occupy a total area of 792 ha and which have as objective the extraction of useful rocks and building materials. Of these, 37 quarries are licensed to operate, the remaining 13 quarries need re-evaluations to obtain new authorizations, in order to be in compliance with the legislation in force. Porphyries are exploited from Consul, Cârjelari and Camena Hills; granites from Măcin, Turcoaia and Cerna quarries; limestone is exploited as building rock from Zebil, Bididia, Three Fountains and South Malcoci quarries; dolomite limestone from Mahmudia quarry is exploited for ArcelorMittal Galati; ornamental rocks (greasy limestone) from Baschioi and dolomite limestone of Mahmudia, Cârjelari and Codru Babadag quarries; basic rocks (used in road and railway construction works) are exploited from Niculiţel Hills area. Starting from this situation, the present study presents an impact and environmental risk assessment of the mining activity carried out in the largest quarry in the area, namely Turcoaia Quarry (at this moment the quarry is subjected to a re-evaluation process by the National Environmental Protection Agency in order to obtain an integrated authorization). For this purpose, based on the data provided by the activity holder, the environmental impact and risk generated by the extraction process is assessed using two procedures, namely the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) and Integrated Impact and Environmental Risk Assessment (IIERA).

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construction rocks, quarry, impact assessment, environmental risk, Turcoaia

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS pag. 308-313

Anca Amalia UDRISTE 1*and Liliana BADULESCU 1,2

GM technology, enables scientists to insert into a plant's genome a single gene, or a few of them, from another species of plant or even from a bacterium, virus or animal. The kinds of alterations caused by the insertion of genes from other species might be more impactful, more complex or more subtle than those caused by the intraspecies gene swapping of conventional breeding. Alteration of entire packages of genes is a natural process that has been happening in plants for half a billion years and it tends to produce few scary surprises today. Changing a single gene, on the other hand, might turn out to be a more hazardous action, with unexpected effects, including the production of new proteins that might be toxins or allergens. In this review we will discuss about the benefits versus worries of GM foods, also, the authorisation of GMOs in the UE.

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GMOs, food safety

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON SOY CROPS pag. 314-320

URSU NICOLAE, PÎRȘAN PAUL , BOTOȘ LUCIAN, OKROȘ ADALBERT

Soy is known for its sensibility to pedologic and atmospheric drought, the negative effects on plant growth and fruition being stronger at very high temperatures. During 2016 and 2017, in Recas, we have observed the effect of seed bacterization on plant growth and development and on the production. 2016 was, from a climatic point of view, very favourable for soy beans, the precipitation regime being optimal for the plant. 2017 was a less favourable year, due to precipitation insufficiency associated with very high temperatures. In 2017, the production decreased with about 85%, as compared to the one obtained in 2016. The bacterization effect, though strong in 2016, was as good as non-existent in 2017.

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soy, pedologic and atmospheric drought,bacterization , production

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STIMULATING THE INTEREST IN THE TEACHING PROFESSION THROUGH THE PEDAGOGICAL PRACTICE TRAINING pag. 321-327

Codruţa GAVRILĂ, Cristina TULBURE

The psychopedagogical formation for obtaining the certification for teaching includes theoretical as well as practical aspects. Through the pedagogical practice, the students consolidate their theoretical knowledge and acquire abilities that they will apply in accordance with the specializations they are training in. Pedagogical practice is the activity students carry out in the established schools, where the student practitioner benefits from the support of both a university professor (didactician) and a teacher in the school (mentor). In conformity with the legislation in force, the duration of the Level One stage of pedagogical practice is two semesters, while Level Two lasts a single semester. Given the importance of this dimension which refers to the training and its practical applicability, the pedagogical training was assigned the greatest number of hours (42/semester) of the educational plan of the program for psychopedagogical formation.

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: teaching profession; pedagogical training stage; student practitioner; mentor

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THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT FERTILIZERS ON CARROT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION pag. 328-334

MORARIU Andreea, Teodor RUSU, Adrian Daniel MORARIU

The influence of different fertilizers on carrot chemical composition

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fertilizers,carrot chemical composition

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES TO THE SUNFLOWER CROP UNDER THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS FROM BANAT pag. 335-339

B. BAUL, F. IMBREA

The research referred to the implementation of some sustainable crop technologies to sunflower and monitoring the production capacity of a sunflower hybrid variety, with high oleic acid content, and also with a series of characteristics like: good stability, breakage resistant, good centre seed coverage, ideal calatidium angle, high resistance to diseases and orobanche parasite plants, good tolerance to the main sunflower diseases. The research was carried out at the Experimental Didactic Station Of the Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael 1st of Romania”form Timisoara, on a cambicchernozem soil type, slightly gleyic, slightlydecarbonatedand aimed at testing some hybrids and optimising some technological linksin order to obtain economical yields of superior quality. The experiments were of the comparative crop type, after the strip method, with three repetitions. Production results underlined the fact, that even in the low precipitation conditions of the year 2017, yields ranging from 3000- 3500 kg/ha can still be obtained.

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sunflower, technology, pedoclimatic conditions

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THE DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS WHICH APPEARS IN THE WORKING ORGAN OF THE CULTIVATOR IN CONTACT WITH SOIL pag. 340-346

Dan Chiorescu, Esmeralda Chiorescu, Laura Smuleac

The cultivators are agricultural machinery used for: loosening the soil before plantation, elimination of weeds or soil aeration after the crops started growing.In this present paper, because of the complexity of the system soil – agricultural machine, we will use an analytical model which respects the geometry of the active element, realising a prediction of the forces which result at the dislocation of the soil.In the pre-processing stage, the objective was to design a three dimensional model in CATIA V5, in keeping with the geometry of the active element, represented by the Cartesian coordinates, together with a portion of the soil rendered as a parallelepiped shape. The second stage followed the introduction of conditions both for the working part, through the fastening of the plowshare frame, the moving direction and velocity, and for the soil, through the action of the cohesion and internal friction forces. In the third stage, called the processing stage, there is the simulation of the process of soil displacement done in real conditions, for various degrees of refinement of the discretization network in finite elements. Using the Explicit Dynamics module of the Ansys software, which allows the study of the working organ behaviour and in real conditions the normal stress, deformation at different speeds and working depths are analysed.

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cultivators, working organ, normal stress, deformation

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RESEARCH ON THE BEHAVIOR OF A RANGE OF RAPESEED HYBRIDS IN THE PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN BANAT pag. 347-350

C. PRUNĂ, F. CRISTA, L. BOTOS

The purpose of the researches was to demonstrate the production capacity of a new assortment of rape hybrids, approved for cultivation in our country and which in recent years occupies an important segment on the market. The research was to be taught at the Experimental Didactic Station of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ,, King Mihai I of Romania "in Timişoara, on a chernozem cambic soil, slightly gleaned, slightly decarbonated, and aimed to test hybrids and the optimization of technological links in order to obtain high-quality economic crops. The experiments were of comparative culture, after the method in strips, in three rehearsals. The production results pointed out that under normal conditions and applying a technology adapted to the pedoclimatic conditions of the studied area and to the requirements of the hybrids, constant yields above the level of 4500 kg / ha can be obtained.

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raps, technology, pedoclimatic conditions

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THE INCIDENCE OF DIPLOCARPON ROSAE ON ROSA CANINA SHRUBS ON SOUTH WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA. pag. 351-354

Ciui(Mot) Cerasela, Borcean Adrian

Rosa canina well known as dog rose grow on reference area as a shrub which populate the all areas within the open space valleys of the hilly and mountain regions. Plants prefer sunny places within meadow areas with medium and fertile soils but never the less it is known to be a good competitor for other plants like blackberry on the lower altitude places where the trees where cleared. It could be very easy considered from this point of view as an invasive weed. One of the dog rose major pathogen is fungus Diplocarpon rosae f.c. Marssonina rosae because of the black spots formed on the leaves which can’t be confused or missed during the plant diseases screening. This pathogen attack symptoms start to show on the early days of June and persist until the leaves are falling in the end of autumn. It is obvious that the leaves affected by pathogen are dry soon because and the plant shrub will show an acute leaf loose starting from the middle of August. Also as a second effect, the pathogen affect the green plant shoots by producing black spots. On the area of this black spots on the young green cane, the cuticle is broken and show deep lesions. During the winter inside this lesions the water will freeze and the affected shoots will be found dry on the next spring. The disease is spread by wind and insects and affects also the ornamental roses. It is easy to see that because of such a wide distributed host as dog rose, this pathogen will have no problem at all to survive and produce important damages to any rose flower culture on the area. This is one of the reasons why the people which take care about some roses will have to pay attention during entire vegetation period to the pathogen Marssonina rosae.

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Diplocarpon rosae, Rosa canina,

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LAND SURVEYS IN ORDER TO CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF A DECONTAMINATED LAND pag. 355-360

A.-V. VLAD, A. ŞMULEAC, G. POPESCU

This work is achieved in the town Viseu de Sus, Maramures County, D.N. 18 Following discussions we had with a view to this land survey of calculus of an excavated volume, we proceeded to verify the land and choose the best solution from practical and economical point of view After consulting the National Mapping Center site and seeing the VISE_2.3 permanent GPS station from Viseu de Sus in functional state, we chose the measurements alternative using of a GPS, module RTK . The land surveys for volume calculation were made with the GPS equipment, Hi-Target V30 model, a top brand in China and the rest of the Asian countries. The ratio between price and quality is very good. This GPS model is used for RTK module measurements or in static mode. It is very resistant to water, dust and shocks caused by blows. The material used to construct the GPS antenna carcass is made of a very durable material, however the manufacturer recommends prudence, this being about a precise measuring device. The elevation angle recommended by the manufacturer is at least 15 degrees to reduce errors caused by satellites at the horizon line. At the same time high buildings, water basins, TV antennas, mobile telephones or high voltage power lines can affect the functionality of the device. The land survey is considering settlement of related amounts, following the excavation and decontamination works of the land which hosted a fuel station. The measurements were made with the Hi-Target V30 GPS in RTK mode, after which they were exported and processed with TopoLT version 11.2 and AutoCad Map 2012. Coordinates exported following the measurements were in STEREO'70 because this GPS has installed the TRANSDATRO software. In this way, the coordinates are obtained directly in the stereographic projection system in a secant plane. With the two programs you can work much faster to report points and model them. In order to create the 3D model we used reporting from the TopoLT introduction software of the coordinates obtained.

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GPS, TopoLT, Autocad Map, RTK, TransDatRo

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TOPOGRAPHIC WORKS FOR VOLUME CALCULATION AND TECHNICAL-TOPOGRAPHIC DESIGN AT GREENING OF LANDFILLS pag. 361-369

V. P. BORLEA, G. POPESCU, A. ŞMULEAC

This paper aims at calculating volumes at landfills and designing the volume of waste on a topographic site, with a view to the greening of the respective deposits. The work was carried out at the landfills in Bocşa and Herculane localities from Caraş Severin County, Alba Iulia from Alba County and Viseu de Jos from Maramureş County. The measurements were made using a Trimble 4800 GPS, using the Rompos permanent stations. Rompos is based on global navigation systems via GNSS satellites (GPS / Glonas / Galileo), providing data for positioning purposes. At present, the positioning system provides coverage of the entire Earth’s surface, being in the same time a unitary reference system, so called global positioning system (GPS) with satellites. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) uses the positioning technique of objects in moving and / or static at any hour from day and night, 24 hours a day, anywhere on Earth, with real-time information delivery The reason for using multiple reference stations in a GPS correction network is to model and correct the errors dependent of distance, that reduce the precision of the RTK position in proportion to the distance between the Rover and the nearest reference station. Monitoring and control of the permanent GPS station is made through a simple internet connection of the computer serving this station. The Trimble 4800 GPS software allows this connection through the functions it holds. Static and cinematic measurements (RTK) were made within the frame of this paper, static measurements were made for determination of the building site markers and the kinematic ones for the calculation of the waste volumes being in the respective locations. The volumetric calculation was processed by using a SurvCe software, version 2.3 and by using of AUTOCAD MAPS 2012, TOPOLT 11.2 program.

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GPS Trimble 4800, RTK, Rompos, AutoCad Maps 2012, TopoLT

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STUDY ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN BANAT PLAIN pag. 370-376

C. PĂUNA, Laura ȘMULEAC

. Groundwater is the largest reservoir of freshwater in the world, representing more than 97% of all available freshwater reserves of the globe (excluding glaciers and ice caps). As groundwater flows slowly through the basement, the impact of human activities may affect a long time. This means the pollution that occurred decades ago - whether in agriculture, industry and other human activities - may still threaten water quality today and in some cases will continue to do so for several generations.Monitoring of groundwater quality in the Banat Plain was done by collecting water samples from four wells located in certain areas of importance: Timisoara, Moravia, and Fibiş stolen in June of 2016 and May 2017. The main indicators are determined as: reacting water and nitrogen content, calcium content and magnesium content of iron, manganese, water conductivity, the content of phosphates, chlorides, sulfates, calcium, potassium and sodium salts.After the analysis has shown that the quality of groundwater in the Banat Plain is good quality with a slightly basic pH; water conductivity remains below the maximum permissible ammonium exceeds the maximum permissible concentration in all wells, except in Timisoara; nitrogen content remains below the maximum permissible exceedances are recorded only Fibiş drilling in both years under study; manganese content exceeds the maximum allowed in all wells studied, except Fibiş drilling in 2017, the remaining indicators maintained at values below the maximum permissible concentration.

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groundwater, quality, drills, pH, nutrient regime, salinity

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STRUCTURE OF FARMS, THE TYPE OF AGRICULTURE IN CARAŞ SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 377-380

E. IEVA, I. MACRA, Georgeta POP

Tradition, habits, and overall attitudes to change are important factors that affect the use of performing technologies. The role of technology is to improve the relationship of consumption to ultimately produce as high and highest production at a unit cost as low as possible. Technology is the study of methods and processes used in various sectors of agriculture, such as: field crop technology, horticultural technology, livestock technology. Technology is materialized on agricultural land by the technological flow, which represents the totality of methods and works in their natural order and sequence, starting from the preparation of the land for sowing to the harvesting of products and the removal of vegetal remains.Agricultural systems are functional units specific to the natural and socio-economic framework, created for the production of vegetal and animal production, directed and controlled by the farmer, based on solid economic, ecological and technological fundamentals applied under different climatic and soil conditions, high quality, and economically efficient production. Following the same authors, the main agricultural systems are: traditional (family) agriculture, intensive farming, sustainable agriculture, integrated agriculture, organic agriculture. Choosing a type of technology helps farmers to minimize the risk of damage by constant production and, on the other hand, reducing production costs. The general objective of conventional technology and technology is to ensure a high and constant crop yield per year on a land surface with a given labor and financial consumption. The productivity of a technology is given by the quantity of products obtained and by the labor consumption at the surface unit. Agricultural technology also includes a social, cultural and psychological component, which is based on understanding, knowledge, receptivity from those who apply its methods . For example, landlessness has created real structural imbalances in agriculture, but also a social crisis. The employed population in agriculture has become older and less receptive to association in economically viable farms and the adoption of new technologies.

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agricultural type, structure, systems, technology

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PARTICULAR RESULTS ON VEGETAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES IN AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN CARAS SEVERIN COUNTY pag. 381-384

E. IEVA, I. MACRA, Georgeta POP

A modern and performing agriculture can not be done without specialists without a strong R & D sector, with no specific technologies for each crop group and for each area, permanently adapted to climate change and in line with environmental protection requirements. Agriculture evolves in a context characterized by the trend of development and the successful application of the latest knowledge and technologies in order to solve an essential problem of the development of society, which refers to the food supply in accordance with the rhythm of growth of the population and at acceptable prices. The increasing demand for food determines the necessity for us in the country to use modern agricultural production technologies, able to properly exploit the natural potential, leading to the production of food in order to meet the ever increasing needs of both quantity and quality of of the population, as well as the creation of export availability. If we also take into account the growth of the global population - which could reach over 9 billion people by the year 2050, while we find a big question mark about guaranteeing global food safety. Agricultural cooperatives are the forms of association with the highest economic potential in our country's agriculture. Thus, the development of the economic component within the activities of agricultural cooperatives is a strategic objective, which requires integration in the sphere of national agricultural policies. This has to be harmonized with the implementation of programs for the consolidation of Agricultural Marketing Associations, which must establish and maintain advantageous intra- and extra-cooperative relations (agricultural producers and cooperatives, market partners).

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agricultural marketing, associations, coperatives agricultural

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RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF HYDROGELS ZEBA SP AND TERRACOTTEM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME AROMATIC PLANT SPECIES pag. 385-391

Esmeralda CHIORESCU , Alexandrina Roxana CLINCIU RADU1, D. CHIORESCU1,G. C. TELIBAN1, T. ROBU1

Abstract: Climate change in recent decades has increased the conditions of abiotic stress on plant growth, mainly by ariding large areas of land and reducing fresh water reserves.One of the solutions for increasing the efficiency of these lands and decreasing the irrigation rate by up to 50% - 70% is the incorporation in their structure of ecological and biodegradable hydrogels. Hydrogels are hightlyflexible, three –dimensional inflatable materials composed of polymers which have the property of absorbing and retaining a large amount of water, subsequently releasing the minto several absortion –release cycles. By their specific characteristics, they can lead to: Stimulating water retention capacity near seeds or roots, reducing the risk of waterloss by leaching or evaporation, increasing soil permeability, reducing soil degradation and inplicitly increasing quantitative and qualitative productivity. Due to these properties, hydrogels are finding a growing number of applications in both agriculture and horticulture. Being veryuseful in contioning and fertilizing soils, the first may have a stimulating effect : fast and uniform growth of fruit, physiological processes and development including aromatic and medicinal plants. On the basic of these observations, the influence of some hydrogels of Zeba SP and Terracotemtype oh the state of vegetation of aromatic and medicinal plants of the genus : Artemisia absinthium L., Artemisia lancea Vaniotand Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC wastested. The results of these research have shown that a better inflence and efficiencz of about 14%- 18% on the chosen plant sistreatedwithTerracotemcomparedtothat of Zeba SP.

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Hydrogel, ZebaSP ,Teracottem, hydrophilic polymer, water retention

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UTILIZATION OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE IN CULTIVATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS pag. 392-397

CRIȘAN Ioana, Roxana VIDICAN, Vlad STOIAN

Utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizae in cultivation of ornamental plants

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arbuscular mycorrhizae

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILISATION ON THE WHEAT PRODUCTION UNDER PEDOCLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN THE ALMĂJ DEPRESSION pag. 398-404

I. IAPĂ, F. IMBREA

The research covered the reaction to fertilisation of an autumn wheat variety assortment, on an alluvial soil type. The study results highlighted the fact that in the area where the research was carried out, panification wheat can be obtained from all researched varieties. The yield increase insured by nitrogen fertilisers, applied on a P60K60background resulted in an average of 13.2 kg grains/1 kg N s.a.at a N75dosage and 13.6 kg grains /1 kg N s.a.at a N150dosage for all 5 varieties during the 3 experimental years. When applying a N75dose, the protein quantity increased by 42%, leading to a 163 kg/ha difference when compared to the control variant. Upon doubling the nitrogen dose to N150,the protein quantity was increased by 113%, determining a 337 kg/ha difference, in comparison with the N0 variant.Both differences were insured as highly significant.

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wheat, fertilisation, technology, pedoclimatic conditions

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STUDY REGARDING THE INCIDENCE OF BLACKBERRY RUST (PHRAGMIDIUM RUBI-IDAEI) ON SOUTH WESTERN PART OF ROMANIA pag. 405-408

Ciui(Mot) Cerasela, Borcean Adrian

In 2017, the first year of PhD student experience, I performed evaluations of Rosaceae family plant pathogens from the spontaneous flora in the northern part of the area designated for observation. This region is situated between Minis River and Caras River in South Western Part of Romania. Blackberries are one of the Rosaceae family most often seen plants on the area. Bushes of blackberry could be found on the forests, in the areas where trees have low density or where there are gaps resulting by tree falling or cutting. Also there are regions where on the forest clearing could be found larger populations of blackberry. Due to the density of plants that make up local populations it can be appreciated that these species is well adapted to the climate and soil conditions of the area. One of the most common diseases in the soil was the rust affecting the leaves of the plants. Considering the frequency and intensity of pathogen attack, it can be said that rust is endangering the integrity of blackberry populations in the reference area. This disease start to show up on the plants leaves starting on June and finish late on the autumn, only when the vegetation time period is on the end. The pathogen involve blackberry rust is Phragmidium rubi-idaei. This pathogen affect blackberry leaves and has as major effect a premature drying of the leaves. I found the first signs of the fungus attack starting to appear on the middle of June and this pathogeny phase could prolong to the first half of July, depending on plant position reported to the sun and also a major influence is due to rainfall amount on the area. The last phase of the fungus attack is consumed, as previously I point out starting with the lastdacade of August and it is ending within the autumn when the blackberry shrubs leaves are falling.

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Phragmidium rubi-idaei, blackberrie, rust

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GERMINATION IN AN ASSORTMENT OF CAMELINA SATIVA VARIETIES pag. 409-411

S. BĂTRÎNA, F. IMBREA, Ilinca Merima IMBREA, Georgeta POP

The main causes of decrease in agricultural production by up to 70% are determined abiotic stress factors, such as draught and temperature variantions. If these occur during the first phases of vegetaion, they may cause problems in terms of culture springing and uniformity. In the current context of climate change, with a growing number of periods of draught during the sowing phase, studying germination has become not only necessary, but also well appreciated by farmers, especially in plants with small seeds. Camelina is considered to have low requirements regarding soil and climate, as well as a seeding depth of only 1 cm, especially for autumn cultures, however problems may occur with the seeds” germination and even springing. This study covers the results obtained in the laboratory research phase on a selection of two varieties (Madalina, created by the Universiry of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Sciences of Bucharest and Calena, with Austrian origins) and a local population by BUASVM Timisoara regarding germinative energy and capacity. The results have shown higher germination energy and capacity in the Madalina and Calena varieties, compared to the local population. Another important aspect is that of the considerable differences between results obtained in optimal conditions, in the laboratory, and those obtained in the field, in much lower temperatures.

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germination, abiotic stress c, Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ,

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RESEARCH REGARDING THE FUNGISTATIC ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AND HYDROLATES FROM PLANTS ON VERTICILLIUM SP. FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM SEA BUCKTHORN pag. 412-419

MĂTĂSĂREAN Iulia1, COTUNA Otilia1, IMBREA Ilinca1, DURĂU Carmen Claudia1

Verticillium species are common in many soils and have a great number of host plants, with preference for some specific hosts (tomatoes, pepper, strawberry, sea buckthorn, potato etc.). Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is one of the preferred host plants. Due to its capacity to produce systemic infections able to kill the host plant, verticillium wilt is considered a severe disease. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of the antifungal activity of two essential oils (thyme and juniper) and two hydrolates from spontaneous plants Filipendula vulgaris and Achillea millefolium on the growth of Verticillium sp. fungus isolated from infected roots of sea buckthorn. The essential oils of juniper and thyme and the hydrolates from Filipendula vulgaris and Achillea millefolium were tested in different doses, respectively 0.5µl, 1µl and 2µl in three replicates, there being obtained 12 variants plus the non-treated tester. The tested essential oils and hydrolates were reported as having antifungal and antibacterial effect. From this point of view are less studied the hydrolates from Filipendula vulgaris and Achillea millefolium, but they are known and used in the traditional medicine under different forms. The testing was developed in laboratory on culture media treated and inoculated with the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium sp. isolated from infected roots of sea buckthorn. The growth of the fungus Verticillium sp. on the treated media was inhibited in different rates. The lowest inhibition rates were determined on the culture media treated with Achillea millefolium hydrolate, respectivellz 14% (at 0.5µl dose), 50% (at 1 µl) and 65% (in 2 µl); difference being very low among variants. In the case of juniper oil the inhibition rate increases, the fungus being inhibited in 57% at 0.5µl and 76% at 2µl. Thyme essential oil is highlighted in this research by a very good fungistatic activity, the inhibition being 100% in the case of 1µl and 2 µl and 94% in 0.5µl. Both essential oils and hydrolates used in this research have antifungal activity. The antifungal capacity differs from a case to other, less in the hydrolates case and greater in the case of essential oils. A considerable fungistatic activity had the thyme oil, this being proved by the maximum inhibition rate of the mycelium growth.

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Verticillium sp., Achillea millefolium, Filipendula vulgaris, Juniperus communis, Thymus vulgaris, essential oils, hydrolates, sea buckthorn.

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FUNGISTATIC POTENTIAL OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS AND HYDROLATES FROM PLANTS ON RHIZOCTONIA SP. FUNGUS ISOLATED FROM BLUEBERRY pag. 420-425

KIRALY Monica1, COTUNA Otilia1, IMBREA Ilinca1, SĂRĂȚEANU Veronica1

Phyto-pathogenic fungus Rhyzoctonia sp. is able to produce important damages in the cultivated plants, being quite difficult to control it using chemical fungicides. At this moment there is searching for alternatives to the chemical control that pollutes, producing severe ecological problems. The essential oils with antifungal action can be a feasible alternative for the control of this fungus that has proved to be sensitive to some compounds. In this research was analysed the inhibitory capacity of the mint (Mentha piperita) oil, clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil and sage (Salvia officinalis) oil by evaluating their antifungal activity on Rhizoctonia sp. isolated from blueberry roots. For the same purpose it was used the hydrolate of Agrimonia eupatoria obtained in Crop Science laboratory from `s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timisoara. The essential oils of mint, clove and sage and were tested in different doses of 0.5 µl, 1 µl and 2 µl in three replicates there being obtained 12 variants and the non-treated control. The greatest inhibition rates of the mycelium development were noticed in the variants treated with clove oil. Thus, in the variant treated with cu 0.5 µl the inhibition rate was 96.77 % and in the other variants (1 and 2µl) the fungus inhibition was total (100%). The antifungal action of the mint oil was proved to be very good, the inhibition rate being 100 % at 2 µl, 93.54 % at 1µl and 78.51 % at 0.5 µl. The inhibition capacity of the sage oil and of the hydrolate of Agrimonia eupatoria was quite similar, the inhibition rate being comprised between 60.22 % and 69.90 % in the case of the media treated with the hydrolate of Agrimonia eupatoria and 48.38 % - 75.29 % in the case of the media treated with sage oil. The results obtained in this research testify the very good fungistatic potential od the mint and clove oils, although in accordance with similar researches from literature. The hydrolate of Agrimonia eupatoria is less tested from the point of view of the antifungal and antibacterial activity on the plants pathogen, this species being known due to the benefits on the human health.

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Rhizoctonia sp., essential oils, hydrolate, Agrimonia eupatoria, Salvia officinalis, Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita.

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ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION IN RESPONSE TO THE DEMANDS OF THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY pag. 426-429

Codruţa GAVRILĂ

The paper discusses a current issue regarding the concept of “new educations”, namely “entrepreneurship education”. The prospective orientation of education entails the design and implementation of such educational school subjects as to prepare the future adults to adapt to the demands of the society in which they will work. Entrepreneurship education can be such a subject, because it contributes to getting the students familiarized with fundamental economic concepts, while helping them develop their effective action skills and get aware of the opportunities to make decisions as investors, managers, employees, consumers, owners, or citizens. The contents and activities of entrepreneurship education provide the students with the context for proving they have their own thinking, characterized by an entrepreneurial spirit, initiative, responsibility, and the ability to make decisions, to solve problems in a creative manner, and to cooperate; all these optimise the fast integration in the external environment.

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knowledge society; new educations; entrepreneurship education

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THE FORMATION OF DIDACTIC SKILLS IN FUTURE TEACHERS WHO ATTEND THE COURSES WITHIN THE TEACHING STAFF TRAINING DEPARTMENT pag. 430-434

Viorica BOACĂ, Iasmina Cecilia SAVESCU

The initiation in the teaching career requires a set of initial basic skills, which develop and become more complex as the teacher gains more experience. The future teacher who trains within the Teaching Staff Training Department must be aware of the national standard of the teaching profession, as it addresses the internal needs for professional formation in the field. In this sense, the paper presents the categories of activities carried out by students during their pedagogical training for the purpose of getting the general and specific skills a teacher must have within the Romanian teaching system.

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didactic skills, teaching profession, professional standards

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ANTISEPTIC PROPERTIES OF ESENTIAL OILS AND SOME ASPECTS REGARDING THEYR EXTRACTION FROM SOME SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS pag. 435-440

Gabriela Valentina CIOBOTARU1; Ilinca Merima IMBREA1; Dana COPOLOVICI2 V. DUMITRAȘCU3; Georgeta POP1.

Consumers are demanding more and more the use of natural foods with a low or zero quantity of chemical additives. Essential oils found in medicinal plants have presented interest in food industries because of their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to test the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from 4 species of medicinal plants: Hyssopus officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris against the bacterial strains: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Fluconazole 25 µg was used as negative control and Chloramphenicol 30 µg was used as positive control. It is well known that the quantities and concentrations of the active compounds of most esential oils are strongly dependent on the climatical conditions of the medicinal plants’ origin, time of harvest and processing methods, we adressed as well on some aspects of the extraction process itself, some morfological and pedo-climatical conditions provided by the Young Naturalist Resort from Timisoara where the plants were grown and where this study took place.

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Hyssopus officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, essential oil, antiseptic, extraction

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PRESENTATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM IN SEPREUS ARAD COUNTY pag. 441-446

CRISTA MARIA MANUELA, OKROS ADALBERT, GROSZLER ASTRID-SIMONE, NIȚĂ SIMONA

The agricultural system is a set of sectors, technologies, machines and technological aggregates where the soil is used as the main production resource for agricultural crops, fruit trees, viticulture, vegetables, flowers and livestock. The structure of the sectors may vary from one farm to another. In Europe, in the agricultural sector, depending on the technologies used, their level of intensification, specialization, biomass quantity and quality, environmental relations, etc., different systems of agriculture are practiced: sustainable, conventional, biological, organic , precision, extensive.

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agricultural system, agricultural crops, fruit trees, viticulture, vegetables,

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EVALUATION OF THE ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE PERIOD OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPLOITATION SC LANUL SRL FOR THE STAKEHOLDING OF THE MEASURING MEASURES pag. 447-450

M. JORZA, I. GAICA, L DANCEA

The present paper follows the study, the ecopedological conditions for identifying the necessary measures for improving the organization of the agricultural exploitation and the restoration of the soil fertility. The first part of the paper contains theoretical data regarding the studied theme (technological notions and physical and geographical conditions of the studied area, etc.) followed by data regarding the purpose and objectives of the work. In the last part are presented the results and the discussions of the research. In the study of agricultural exploitation, SC laurul SRL aims at increasing the soil productivity and improving the lethal factors of soil fertility

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fertility, soil improvement

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THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD OF CIPRIAN WINTER WHEAT VARIETY pag. 451-459

V. BUCUR1; Alina Laura AGAPIE2; J. CRNOBARAC3; N. M. HORABLAGA2; Georgeta POP1

Winter wheat is one of the most important crops of our country and of the Western or the Banat’s Plain, where it covers on average around 200.000 ha of the tillable land and accounts for roughly 10% of the total national area covered by this crop every year (IMBREA, 2014). This paper aims to highlight the correlation of the yield quantity and the fertilization levels of nitrogen on the Ciprian winter wheat variety, in the pedo-climatic conditions of RADS Lovrin in between 2015-2017 years. For this trial we used the following nitrogen graduations: N₀ - control, which yielded an average of 5299 kg/ha, N₃₀ - with an average yield of 5988 kg/ha, N₆₀ with 6505 kg/ha, N₉₀ with 7030 kg/ha average and N₁₂₀ with average yield of 7114 kg/ha, respectively, for both experimental years. The results for each variant ware obtained using the analysis of variance method and they are consistent with existing data on the subject matter.

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winter wheat, yield, nitrogen, fertilization

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BEHAVIOUR OF MAIZE HYBRIDS IN SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS FROM SCDA LOVRIN IN 2014 pag. 460-466

I., MACRA1; Daniela, SUBA2; E., IEVA1; Gabriela, MACRA1; Georgeta, POP1

Abstract: This study aimed at testing four maize hybrids for grains, Severo (FAO270), Kinemas (FAO350): Kornelius (FAO400) and KWS 3381 (FAO450), planted over two consecutive periods with a view to certifying the issue regarding their behaviour under the climate of Banat, SCDA Lovrin area, and to determining their production capacity. The bi-factorial experiment was placed in the experimental field according to the subdivided lots method. The experimental field stretches across 768,4 m2, with the distribution of the four hybrids in six rows of 8m each, three repetitions. The area cultivated with a hybrid is of 33,6 m2. They were planted at a depth of 6-7cm. The density was established at 62000-65000 harvested plants per hectare, and the distance between the rows was 70cm. The fertilization was done with 20:20:0 complex fertilizer, while weeds were fought with chemical products by pre-emerging weed control with Adengo – 0.4l dosage, and post-emerging with Mustang – 0,5l/ha dosage and Gat Motion – 1,5l/ha dosage. During the vegetation period several observations in different phenological stages were made: emergence, flowering, silk, maturation, and their correlation with the climatic and soil conditions. Planting early hybrids in the third decade of April ensures a temperature of over 10°C and the necessary humidity for germination, which leads to bigger productions of grains (STAS 11580 kg/ha) compared to their planting in the first decade of May (11568kg/ha). These hybrids show a good tolerance to draught and heat. The grain productions were: Severo 9130kg/ha in R1/season II, Kinemas 10781kg/ha in R1/season I, Kornelius 10975kg/ha in R1/season I, and the most productive was KWS 3381 with 11580kg/ha in R1/season I. When harvested, the average humidity of the grains was at 15,8-21,5%.

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maize

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BEHAVIOUR OF MAIZE HYBRIDS IN SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS FROM SCDA LOVRIN IN 2015 pag. 467-473

I., MACRA1; Daniela, SUBA2; M., HORABLAGA2; Gabriela, MACRA1; Georgeta, POP1

Abstract: This study aimed at testing four maize hybrids for grains, Severo (FAO270), Kinemas (FAO350): Kornelius (FAO400) and KWS 3381 (FAO450), planted over two consecutive periods with a view to certifying the issue regarding their behaviour under the climate of Banat, SCDA Lovrin area, and to determining their production capacity. The bi-factorial experiment was placed in the experimental field according to the subdivided lots method. The experimental field stretches across 768,4 m2, with the distribution of the four hybrids in six rows of 8m each, three repetitions. The area cultivated with a hybrid is of 33,6 m2. They were planted at a depth of 6-7cm. The density was established at 62000-65000 harvested plants per hectare, and the distance between the rows was 70cm. The fertilization was done with 20:20:0 complex fertilizer, while weeds were fought with chemical products by pre-emerging weed control with Adengo – 0.4l dosage, and post-emerging with Mustang – 0,5l/ha dosage and Gat Motion – 1,5l/ha dosage. During the vegetation period several observations in different phenological stages were made: emergence, flowering, silk, maturation, and their correlation with the climatic and soil conditions. Planting hybrids in the third decade of April ensures a temperature of over 10°C and the necessary humidity for germination hasn’t led to bigger grain productions (STAS 11380 kg/ha) compared to their planting in the first decade of May (11468kg/ha) because of the temperature conditions from the flowering/silk period. These hybrids show a good tolerance to draught and heat. The grain productions were: 8930kg/ha in R2/season I, Kinemas 10651kg/ha in R1/season I, Kornelius 10855kg/ha in R1/season I, and the most productive was KWS 3381 with 11468kg/ha in R2/season II. When harvested, the average humidity of the grains was at 15,8-21,5%.

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maize

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QUALITY AND PRODUCTION OF WHEAT VARIETIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION pag. 474-477

C. HUSU, Simona NIȚĂ, L. NIŢĂ

Abstract: Cereals represent the plant plant group with the largest area of spreading in all the world's cultural areas. implicitly in Romania. The beans (fruits) of these field plants, rich in unattached extractive substances (about 2/3 of their content) and other compounds (proteins, fats, vitamins, etc.), have extensive uses in human food bread, pasta etc.) and animals, or as raw materials for different industries. They are among the oldest plants in culture in the Mediterranean Basin, Caucasus and Central Asia, etc., having a history of about ten thousand years. Cereal grains are used as a raw material for a number of industries such as alcohol, alcohol, beer, dextrin, glucose, etc., and straw are used as raw material in the pulp and paper industry. Autumn wheat reacts positively to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers administered together on all soil types in Romania. The N: P ratio is in favor of nitrogen, especially on poor soils in nitrogen, wetlands, rainy years, or precursor plants that consume a large amount of nitrogen (corn, sugar beet, potato, etc.). Grain is a very important food plant grown in over 50 countries, wheat feeds 35-40% of the world's population. Grain is mostly used in the manufacture of bread and products made from flour. The wheat originates from Jarmo settlement in the East of Iraq, and in our country the wheat crop is known from the Upper Palaeolithic and the Bronze Age. Wheat bran are of three kinds: spring varieties, autumn varieties and walking varieties. Autumn varieties hold 70% of the world's surface, and in our country the wheat variety owns 98-99% of the total wheat fields because this variety is more productive for the temperate climate of our countries. In many countries wheat is also used for animal feed, and has the following advantages over corn: - is much richer in terms of proteins with a better nutritional value than corn; - wheat has a higher content of vitamins - wheat production is similar to corn - the price of wheat is lower than maize, wheat is completely mechanizable - after grain, a second crop can be obtained, in good irrigation conditions, - wheat is harvested earlier and is a good precursor for other crops.

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wheat, fertilization, quality, protein

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